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Plant Cell, Vol. 10, 721-740, May 1998, Copyright © 1998, American Society of Plant Physiologists

Engineering Secondar y Metabolism in Maize Cells by Ectopic Expression of Transcription Factors

Erich Grotewolda, Mark Chamberlinb, Maurice Snookc, Bupe Siamed, Larry Butlerd, Jan Swensonb, Sheila Maddockb, Grace St. Clairb, and Ben Bowenb
a Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, P.O. Box 100, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724
b Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc., 7300 N.W. 62nd Avenue, P.O. Box 1004, Johnston, Iowa 50131
c U.S. Department of Agriculture–Agriculture Research Service, Russell Research Center, P.O. Box 5677, Athens, Georgia 30604
d Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907

Correspondence to: Ben Bowen, bowenb{at}phibred.com (E-mail), 515-270-3367 (fax).

Manipulation of plant natural product biosynthesis through genetic engineering is an attractive but technically challenging goal. Here, we demonstrate that different secondary metabolites can be produced in cultured maize cells by ectopic expression of the appropriate regulatory genes. Cell lines engineered to express the maize transcriptional activators C1 and R accumulate two cyanidin derivatives, which are similar to the predominant anthocyanin found in differentiated plant tissues. In contrast, cell lines that express P accumulate various 3-deoxy flavonoids. Unexpectedly, P-expressing cells in culture also accumulate phenylpropanoids and green fluorescent compounds that are targeted to different subcellular compartments. Two endogenous biosynthetic genes (c2 and a1, encoding chalcone synthase and flavanone/dihydroflavonol reductase, respectively) are independently activated by ectopic expression of either P or C1/R, and there is a dose–response relationship between the transcript level of P and the degree to which c2 or a1 is expressed. Our results support a simple model showing how the gene encoding P may act as a quantitative trait locus controlling insecticidal C-glycosyl flavone level in maize silks, and they suggest how p1 might confer a selective advantage against insect predation in maize.


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