Arabidopsis Mutants Define a Central Role for the Xanthophyll Cycle in the Regulation of Photosynthetic Energy Conversion

Correspondence to: Krishna K. Niyogi, Current address: Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102. , niyogi{at}nature.berkeley.edu (E-mail), 510-642-4995 (fax).

A conserved regulatory mechanism protects plants against the potentially damaging effects of excessive light. Nearly all photosynthetic eukaryotes are able to dissipate excess absorbed light energy in a process that involves xanthophyll pigments. To dissect the role of xanthophylls in photoprotective energy dissipation in vivo, we isolated Arabidopsis xanthophyll cycle mutants by screening for altered nonphotochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence. The npq1 mutants are unable to convert violaxanthin to zeaxanthin in excessive light, whereas the npq2 mutants accumulate zeaxanthin constitutively. The npq2 mutants are new alleles of aba1, the zeaxanthin epoxidase gene. The high levels of zeaxanthin in npq2 affected the kinetics of induction and relaxation but not the extent of nonphotochemical quenching. Genetic mapping, DNA sequencing, and complementation of npq1 demonstrated that this mutation affects the structural gene encoding violaxanthin deepoxidase. The npq1 mutant exhibited greatly reduced nonphotochemical quenching, demonstrating that violaxanthin deepoxidation is required for the bulk of rapidly reversible nonphotochemical quenching in Arabidopsis. Altered regulation of photosynthetic energy conversion in npq1 was associated with increased sensitivity to photoinhibition. These results, in conjunction with the analysis of npq mutants of Chlamydomonas, suggest that the role of the xanthophyll cycle in nonphotochemical quenching has been conserved, although different photosynthetic eukaryotes rely on the xanthophyll cycle to different extents for the dissipation of excess absorbed light energy.

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				P. Muller-Moule, P. L. Conklin, and K. K. Niyogi Ascorbate Deficiency Can Limit Violaxanthin De-Epoxidase Activity in Vivo Plant Physiology, March 1, 2002; 128(3): 970 - 977. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. E. Thum, M. Kim, D. A. Christopher, and J. E. Mullet Cryptochrome 1, Cryptochrome 2, and Phytochrome A Co-Activate the Chloroplast psbD Blue Light-Responsive Promoter PLANT CELL, December 1, 2001; 13(12): 2747 - 2760. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				U. Heber, N. G. Bukhov, V. A. Shuvalov, Y. Kobayashi, and O. L. Lange Protection of the photosynthetic apparatus against damage by excessive illumination in homoiohydric leaves and poikilohydric mosses and lichens J. Exp. Bot., October 1, 2001; 52(363): 1999 - 2006. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Swiatek, R. Kuras, A. Sokolenko, D. Higgs, J. Olive, G. Cinque, B. Muller, L. A. Eichacker, D. B. Stern, R. Bassi, et al. The Chloroplast Gene ycf9 Encodes a Photosystem II (PSII) Core Subunit, PsbZ, That Participates in PSII Supramolecular Architecture PLANT CELL, June 1, 2001; 13(6): 1347 - 1368. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. E. W. Polle, K. K. Niyogi, and A. Melis Absence of Lutein, Violaxanthin and Neoxanthin Affects the Functional Chlorophyll Antenna Size of Photosystem-II but not that of Photosystem-I in the Green Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Plant Cell Physiol., May 1, 2001; 42(5): 482 - 491. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Müller, X.-P. Li, and K. K. Niyogi Non-Photochemical Quenching. A Response to Excess Light Energy Plant Physiology, April 1, 2001; 125(4): 1558 - 1566. [Full Text]

				M. Havaux, J.-P. Bonfils, C. Lütz, and K. K. Niyogi Photodamage of the Photosynthetic Apparatus and Its Dependence on the Leaf Developmental Stage in the npq1 Arabidopsis Mutant Deficient in the Xanthophyll Cycle Enzyme Violaxanthin De-epoxidase Plant Physiology, September 1, 2000; 124(1): 273 - 284. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				M. Eckert and R. Kaldenhoff Light-induced stomatal movement of selected Arabidopsis thaliana mutants J. Exp. Bot., August 1, 2000; 51(349): 1435 - 1442. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. C. Bugos, S.-H. Chang, and H. Y. Yamamoto Developmental Expression of Violaxanthin De-Epoxidase in Leaves of Tobacco Growing under High and Low Light Plant Physiology, September 1, 1999; 121(1): 207 - 214. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				R. Bassi, R. Croce, D. Cugini, and D. Sandona Mutational analysis of a higher plant antenna protein provides identification of chromophores bound into multiple sites PNAS, August 31, 1999; 96(18): 10056 - 10061. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Havaux and K. K. Niyogi The violaxanthin cycle protects plants from photooxidative damage by more than one mechanism PNAS, July 20, 1999; 96(15): 8762 - 8767. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Lohr and C. Wilhelm Algae displaying the diadinoxanthin cycle also possess the violaxanthin cycle PNAS, July 20, 1999; 96(15): 8784 - 8789. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]