The FLF MADS Box Gene: A Repressor of Flowering in Arabidopsis Regulated by Vernalization and Methylation

Correspondence to: Elizabeth S. Dennis, e.dennis{at}pican.pi.csiro.au (E-mail), 61-2-6246-5000 (fax)

A MADS box gene, FLF (for FLOWERING LOCUS F ), isolated from a late-flowering, T-DNA–tagged Arabidopsis mutant, is a semidominant gene encoding a repressor of flowering. The FLF gene appears to integrate the vernalization-dependent and autonomous flowering pathways because its expression is regulated by genes in both pathways. The level of FLF mRNA is downregulated by vernalization and by a decrease in genomic DNA methylation, which is consistent with our previous suggestion that vernalization acts to induce flowering through changes in gene activity that are mediated through a reduction in DNA methylation. The flf-1 mutant requires a greater than normal amount of an exogenous gibberellin (GA₃) to decrease flowering time compared with the wild type or with vernalization-responsive late-flowering mutants, suggesting that the FLF gene product may block the promotion of flowering by GAs. FLF maps to a region on chromosome 5 near the FLOWERING LOCUS C gene, which is a semidominant repressor of flowering in late-flowering ecotypes of Arabidopsis.

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				L. Yan, A. Loukoianov, A. Blechl, G. Tranquilli, W. Ramakrishna, P. SanMiguel, J. L. Bennetzen, V. Echenique, and J. Dubcovsky The Wheat VRN2 Gene Is a Flowering Repressor Down-Regulated by Vernalization Science, March 12, 2004; 303(5664): 1640 - 1644. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. D. Michaels, I. C. Bezerra, and R. M. Amasino FRIGIDA-related genes are required for the winter-annual habit in Arabidopsis PNAS, March 2, 2004; 101(9): 3281 - 3285. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. M. Swain, A. J. Muller, and D. P. Singh The gar2 and rga Alleles Increase the Growth of Gibberellin-Deficient Pollen Tubes in Arabidopsis Plant Physiology, February 1, 2004; 134(2): 694 - 705. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. MYLNE, T. GREB, C. LISTER, and C. DEAN Epigenetic Regulation in the Control of Flowering Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol, January 1, 2004; 69(0): 457 - 464. [Abstract] [PDF]

				K. Murai, M. Miyamae, H. Kato, S. Takumi, and Y. Ogihara WAP1, a Wheat APETALA1 Homolog, Plays a Central Role in the Phase Transition from Vegetative to Reproductive Growth Plant Cell Physiol., December 15, 2003; 44(12): 1255 - 1265. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]