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Plant Cell, Vol. 11, 949-956, May 1999, Copyright © 1999, American Society of Plant Physiologists
FLOWERING LOCUS C Encodes a Novel MADS Domain Protein That Acts as a Repressor of Flowering
Scott D. Michaelsa and
Richard M. Amasinoa
a Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1544
Correspondence to:
Richard M. Amasino, amasino{at}biochem.wisc.edu (E-mail), 608-262-3453 (fax)
Winter-annual ecotypes of Arabidopsis are relatively late flowering, unless the flowering of these ecotypes is promoted by exposure to cold (vernalization). This vernalization-suppressible, late-flowering phenotype results from the presence of dominant, late-flowering alleles at two loci, FRIGIDA (FRI) and FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). In this study, we report that flc null mutations result in early flowering, demonstrating that the role of active FLC alleles is to repress flowering. FLC was isolated by positional cloning and found to encode a novel MADS domain protein. The levels of FLC mRNA are regulated positively by FRI and negatively by LUMINIDEPENDENS. FLC is also negatively regulated by vernalization. Overexpression of FLC from a heterologous promoter is sufficient to delay flowering in the absence of an active FRI allele. We propose that the level of FLC activity acts through a rheostat-like mechanism to control flowering time in Arabidopsis and that modulation of FLC expression is a component of the vernalization response.
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176(2):
1359 - 1362.
[Abstract]
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K. Choi, C. Park, J. Lee, M. Oh, B. Noh, and I. Lee
Arabidopsis homologs of components of the SWR1 complex regulate flowering and plant development
Development,
May 15, 2007;
134(10):
1931 - 1941.
[Abstract]
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P. A. Reeves, Y. He, R. J. Schmitz, R. M. Amasino, L. W. Panella, and C. M. Richards
Evolutionary Conservation of the FLOWERING LOCUS C-Mediated Vernalization Response: Evidence From the Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris)
Genetics,
May 1, 2007;
176(1):
295 - 307.
[Abstract]
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X. M. Xu, A. Rose, S. Muthuswamy, S. Y. Jeong, S. Venkatakrishnan, Q. Zhao, and I. Meier
NUCLEAR PORE ANCHOR, the Arabidopsis Homolog of Tpr/Mlp1/Mlp2/Megator, Is Involved in mRNA Export and SUMO Homeostasis and Affects Diverse Aspects of Plant Development
PLANT CELL,
May 1, 2007;
19(5):
1537 - 1548.
[Abstract]
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J. Cockram, H. Jones, F. J. Leigh, D. O'Sullivan, W. Powell, D. A. Laurie, and A. J. Greenland
Control of flowering time in temperate cereals: genes, domestication, and sustainable productivity
J. Exp. Bot.,
April 9, 2007;
(2007)
erm042v1.
[Abstract]
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W. Deng, C. Liu, Y. Pei, X. Deng, L. Niu, and X. Cao
Involvement of the Histone Acetyltransferase AtHAC1 in the Regulation of Flowering Time via Repression of FLOWERING LOCUS C in Arabidopsis
Plant Physiology,
April 1, 2007;
143(4):
1660 - 1668.
[Abstract]
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S. Swiezewski, P. Crevillen, F. Liu, J. R. Ecker, A. Jerzmanowski, and C. Dean
Small RNA-mediated chromatin silencing directed to the 3' region of the Arabidopsis gene encoding the developmental regulator, FLC
PNAS,
February 27, 2007;
104(9):
3633 - 3638.
[Abstract]
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J. H. Lee, S. J. Yoo, S. H. Park, I. Hwang, J. S. Lee, and J. H. Ahn
Role of SVP in the control of flowering time by ambient temperature in Arabidopsis
Genes & Dev.,
February 15, 2007;
21(4):
397 - 402.
[Abstract]
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R. March-Diaz, M. Garcia-Dominguez, F. J. Florencio, and J. C. Reyes
SEF, a New Protein Required for Flowering Repression in Arabidopsis, Interacts with PIE1 and ARP6
Plant Physiology,
February 1, 2007;
143(2):
893 - 901.
[Abstract]
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R. B. Deal, C. N. Topp, E. C. McKinney, and R. B. Meagher
Repression of Flowering in Arabidopsis Requires Activation of FLOWERING LOCUS C Expression by the Histone Variant H2A.Z
PLANT CELL,
January 1, 2007;
19(1):
74 - 83.
[Abstract]
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L. Yan, D. Fu, C. Li, A. Blechl, G. Tranquilli, M. Bonafede, A. Sanchez, M. Valarik, S. Yasuda, and J. Dubcovsky
From the Cover: The wheat and barley vernalization gene VRN3 is an orthologue of FT
PNAS,
December 19, 2006;
103(51):
19581 - 19586.
[Abstract]
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J. Bove, C. L.H. Hord, and M. A. Mullen
The blossoming of RNA biology: Novel insights from plant systems
RNA,
December 1, 2006;
12(12):
2035 - 2046.
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S. Y. Kim and S. D. Michaels
SUPPRESSOR OF FRI 4 encodes a nuclear-localized protein that is required for delayed flowering in winter-annual Arabidopsis
Development,
December 1, 2006;
133(23):
4699 - 4707.
[Abstract]
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S. Sung, R. J. Schmitz, and R. M. Amasino
A PHD finger protein involved in both the vernalization and photoperiod pathways in Arabidopsis
Genes & Dev.,
December 1, 2006;
20(23):
3244 - 3248.
[Abstract]
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M. R. Schlappi
FRIGIDA LIKE 2 Is a Functional Allele in Landsberg erecta and Compensates for a Nonsense Allele of FRIGIDA LIKE 1
Plant Physiology,
December 1, 2006;
142(4):
1728 - 1738.
[Abstract]
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C. Shindo, C. Lister, P. Crevillen, M. Nordborg, and C. Dean
Variation in the epigenetic silencing of FLC contributes to natural variation in Arabidopsis vernalization response.
Genes & Dev.,
November 15, 2006;
20(22):
3079 - 3083.
[Abstract]
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S. Kim, K. Choi, C. Park, H.-J. Hwang, and I. Lee
SUPPRESSOR OF FRIGIDA4, Encoding a C2H2-Type Zinc Finger Protein, Represses Flowering by Transcriptional Activation of Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS C
PLANT CELL,
November 1, 2006;
18(11):
2985 - 2998.
[Abstract]
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L. C. Hileman, J. F. Sundstrom, A. Litt, M. Chen, T. Shumba, and V. F. Irish
Molecular and Phylogenetic Analyses of the MADS-Box Gene Family in Tomato
Mol. Biol. Evol.,
November 1, 2006;
23(11):
2245 - 2258.
[Abstract]
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J. A. Udall and J. F. Wendel
Polyploidy and Crop Improvement
Crop Sci.,
November 1, 2006;
46(Supplement_1):
S-3 - S-14.
[Abstract]
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