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Plant Cell, Vol. 11, 1239-1252, July 1999, Copyright © 1999, American Society of Plant Physiologists

Gnarley1 Is a Dominant Mutation in the knox4 Homeobox Gene Affecting Cell Shape and Identity

Toshi Fostera, Judy Yamaguchia, Bryan C. Wonga, Bruce Veitb, and Sarah Hakea,c
a Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
b Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
c Plant Gene Expression Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, California 94710

Correspondence to: Sarah Hake, maizesh{at}nature.berkeley.edu (E-mail), 510-559-5678 (fax)

Maize leaves have a stereotypical pattern of cell types organized into discrete domains. These domains are altered by mutations in knotted1 (kn1) and knox (for kn1-like homeobox) genes. Gnarley (Gn1) is a dominant maize mutant that exhibits many of the phenotypic characteristics of the kn1 family of mutants. Gn1 is unique because it changes parameters of cell growth in the basal-most region of the leaf, the sheath, resulting in dramatically altered sheath morphology. The strongly expressive allele Gn1-R also gives rise to a floral phenotype in which ectopic carpels form. Introgression studies showed that the severity of the Gn1-conferred phenotype is strongly influenced by genetic background. Gn1 maps to knox4, and knox4 is ectopically expressed in plants with the Gn1-conferred phenotype. Immunolocalization experiments showed that the KNOX protein accumulates at the base of Gn1 leaves in a pattern that is spatially and temporally correlated with appearance of the mutant phenotype. We further demonstrate that Gn1 is knox4 by correlating loss of the mutant phenotype with insertion of a Mutator transposon into knox4.




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