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Plant Cell, Vol. 11, 1769-1784, September 1999, Copyright © 1999, American Society of Plant Physiologists

Retrotransposon BARE-1 and Its Role in Genome Evolution in the Genus Hordeum

Carlos M. Vicienta, Annu Suoniemia, Kesara Anamthawat-Jónssonb, Jaakko Tanskanena, Alex Beharavc, Eviatar Nevoc, and Alan H. Schulmana
a Institute of Biotechnology, Viikki Biocenter, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Viikinkaari 9, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
b Faculty of Sciences, University of Iceland, Grensásvegi 12, Reykjavík 108, Iceland
c Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel

Correspondence to: Alan H. Schulman, alan.schulman{at}helsinki.fi (E-mail), 358-9-708-59570 (fax)

The replicative retrotransposon life cycle offers the potential for explosive increases in copy number and consequent inflation of genome size. The BARE-1 retrotransposon family of barley is conserved, disperse, and transcriptionally active. To assess the role of BARE-1 in genome evolution, we determined the copy number of its integrase, its reverse transcriptase, and its long terminal repeat (LTR) domains throughout the genus Hordeum. On average, BARE-1 contributes 13.7 x 103 full-length copies, amounting to 2.9% of the genome. The number increases with genome size. Two LTRs are associated with each internal domain in intact retrotransposons, but surprisingly, BARE-1 LTRs were considerably more prevalent than would be expected from the numbers of intact elements. The excess in LTRs increases as both genome size and BARE-1 genomic fraction decrease. Intrachromosomal homologous recombination between LTRs could explain the excess, removing BARE-1 elements and leaving behind solo LTRs, thereby reducing the complement of functional retrotransposons in the genome and providing at least a partial "return ticket from genomic obesity."




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