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Plant Cell, Vol. 12, 81-96, January 2000, Copyright © 2000, American Society of Plant Physiologists
Cryptochrome Nucleocytoplasmic Distribution and Gene Expression Are Regulated by Light Quality in the Fern Adiantum capillus-veneris
Takato Imaizumia,b,
Takeshi Kanegaea, and
Masamitsu Wadaa,b
a Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minamiosawa 1-1, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
b Department of Regulation Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38, Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
Correspondence to:
Masamitsu Wada, wada-masamitsu{at}c.metro-u.ac.jp (E-mail), 81-426-77-2559 (fax)
Numerous cellular responses are reportedly regulated by blue light in gametophytes of lower plants; however, the molecular mechanisms of these responses are not known. Here, we report the isolation of two blue light photoreceptor genes, designated cryptochrome genes 4 and 5 (CRY4 and CRY5), from the fern Adiantum capillus-veneris. Because previously we identified three cryptochrome genes, this fern cryptochrome gene family of five members is the largest identified to date in plants. The deduced amino acid sequences of the five genes show remarkable similarities with previously identified cryptochromes as well as class I photolyases. Like the other plant cryptochromes, none of the cryptochromes of this fern possesses photolyase activity. RNA gel blot analysis and competitive polymerase chain reaction analysis indicate that the expression of the newly identified CRY4 and CRY5 genes is regulated by light and is under phytochrome control. The intracellular distribution of reporter ß-glucuronidase (GUS)CRY fusion proteins indicates that GUSCRY3 and GUSCRY4 localize in fern gametophyte nuclei. The nuclear localization of GUSCRY3 is regulated in a light-dependent manner. Together with our physiological knowledge, these results suggest that CRY3, CRY4, or both might be the photoreceptor that mediates inhibition of spore germination by blue light.
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