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Plant Cell, Vol. 13, 1011-1024, May 2001, Copyright © 2001, American Society of Plant Physiologists
early bolting in short days: An Arabidopsis Mutation That Causes Early Flowering and Partially Suppresses the Floral Phenotype of leafy
Concepción Gómez-Menaa,b,
Manuel Piñeiroc,
José M. Franco-Zorrillaa,b,
Julio Salinasa,
George Couplandc, and
José M. Martínez-Zapatera,b
a Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, Subdirección General de Investigación y Tecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Carretera de la Coruña Kilómetro 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
b Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
c Department of Molecular Genetics, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, NR4 7UH Norwich, United Kingdom
Correspondence to:
José M. Martínez-Zapater, zapater{at}cnb.uam.es (E-mail), 34-915-854-506 (fax)
The time of flowering in Arabidopsis is controlled by multiple endogenous and environmental signals. Some of these signals promote the onset of flowering, whereas others repress it. We describe here the isolation and characterization of two allelic mutations that cause early flowering and define a new locus, EARLY BOLTING IN SHORT DAYS (EBS). Acceleration of flowering time in the ebs mutants is especially conspicuous under short-day photoperiods and results from a reduction of the adult vegetative phase of the plants. In addition to the early flowering phenotype, ebs mutants show a reduction in seed dormancy, plant size, and fertility. Double mutant analysis with gibberellin-deficient mutants indicates that both the early-flowering and the precocious-germination phenotypes require gibberellin biosynthesis. Analysis of the genetic interactions among ebs and several mutations causing late flowering shows that the ft mutant phenotype is epistatic over the early flowering of ebs mutants, suggesting that the precocious flowering of ebs requires the FT gene product. Finally, the ebs mutation causes an increase in the level of expression of the floral homeotic genes APETALA3 (AP3), PISTILLATA (PI), and AGAMOUS (AG) and partially rescues the mutant floral phenotype of leafy-6 (lfy-6) mutants. These results suggest that EBS participates as a negative regulator in developmental processes such as germination, flowering induction, and flower organ specification.
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