First published online September 16, 2002; 10.1105/tpc.004127
The Plant Cell, Vol. 14, 2463-2479,
October 2002, Copyright © 2002,
American Society of Plant Biologists
The TRANSPARENT TESTA16 Locus Encodes the ARABIDOPSIS BSISTER MADS Domain Protein and Is Required for Proper Development and Pigmentation of the Seed Coat
Nathalie Nesi1,a,
Isabelle Debeaujona,
Clarisse Jonda,
Amanda J. Stewartb,
Gareth I. Jenkinsb,
Michel Cabochea and
Loïc Lepiniec2,a
a Laboratoire de Biologie des Semences, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Versailles, Route de Saint-Cyr, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
b Plant Molecular Science Group, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
2 To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail lepiniec{at}versailles.inra.fr; fax 33.01.30.83.30.99
Screening for seed pigmentation phenotypes in Arabidopsis led to the isolation of three allelic yellow-seeded mutants, which defined the novel TRANSPARENT TESTA16 (TT16) locus. Cloning of TT16 was performed by T-DNA tagging and confirmed by genetic complementation and sequencing of two mutant alleles. TT16 encodes the ARABIDOPSIS BSISTER (ABS) MADS domain protein. ABS belongs to the recently identified "B-sister" (BS) clade, which contains genes of unknown function that are expressed mainly in female organs. Phylogenetic analyses using a maximum parsimony approach confirmed that TT16/ABS and related proteins form a monophyletic group. TT16/ABS was expressed mainly in the ovule, as are the other members of the BS clade. TT16/ABS is necessary for BANYULS expression and proanthocyanidin accumulation in the endothelium of the seed coat, with the exception of the chalazal-micropylar area. In addition, mutant phenotype and ectopic expression analyses suggested that TT16/ABS also is involved in the specification of endothelial cells. Nevertheless, TT16/ABS apparently is not required for proper ovule function. We report the functional characterization of a member of the BS MADS box gene subfamily, demonstrating its involvement in endothelial cell specification as well as in the increasingly complex genetic control of flavonoid biosynthesis in the Arabidopsis seed coat.
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