The Plant Cell, Vol. 14, 673-688,
March 2002, Copyright © 2002,
American Society of Plant Biologists
Reciprocal Expression of Two Candidate Di-Iron Enzymes Affecting Photosystem I and Light-Harvesting Complex Accumulation
Jeffrey L. Moseleya,b,
M. Dudley Pagea,
Nancy P. Alderc,
Mats Eriksson1,a,
Jeanette Quinn2,a,
Feiris Sotoa,
Steven M. Thegc,
Michael Hipplerd and
Sabeeha Merchant3,a,b
a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
b Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
c Section of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
d Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Dornburger St. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
3 To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail merchant{at}chem.ucla.edu; fax 310-206-1035
Crd1 (Copper response defect 1), which is required for the maintenance of photosystem I and its associated light-harvesting complexes in copper-deficient (-Cu) and oxygen-deficient (-O2) Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells, is localized to the thylakoid membrane. A related protein, Cth1 (Copper target homolog 1), is shown to have a similar but not identical function by genetic suppressor analysis of gain-of-function sct1 (suppressor of copper target 1) strains that are transposon-containing alleles at CTH1. The pattern of Crd1 versus Cth1 accumulation is reciprocal; Crd1 abundance is increased in -Cu or -O2 cells, whereas Cth1 accumulates in copper-sufficient (+Cu), oxygenated cells. This expression pattern is determined by a single trans-acting regulatory locus, CRR1 (COPPER RESPONSE REGULATOR 1), which activates transcription in -Cu cells. In +Cu cells, a 2.1-kb Cth1 mRNA is produced and translated, whereas Crd1 is transcribed only at basal levels, leading to Cth1 accumulation in +Cu cells. In -Cu cells, CRR1 function determines the activation of Crd1 expression and the production of an alternative 3.1-kb Cth1 mRNA that is extended at the 5' end relative to the 2.1-kb mRNA. Synthesis of the 3.1-kb mRNA, which encodes six small upstream open reading frames that possibly result in poor translation, blocks the downstream promoter through transcriptional occlusion. Fluorescence analysis of wild-type, crd1, and sct1 strains indicates that copper-responsive adjustment of the Cth1:Crd1 ratio results in modification of the interactions between photosystem I and associated light-harvesting complexes. The tightly coordinated CRR1-dependent regulation of isoenzymes Cth1 and Crd1 reinforces the notion that copper plays a specific role in the maintenance of chlorophyll proteins.
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