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The Plant Cell, Vol. 14, 1541-1555, July 2002, Copyright © 2002,
American Society of Plant Biologists

Nucleocytoplasmic Partitioning of the Plant Photoreceptors Phytochrome A, B, C, D, and E Is Regulated Differentially by Light and Exhibits a Diurnal Rhythm

Stefan Kirchera, Patricia Gila, László Kozma-Bognárb, Erzsébet Fejesb, Volker Spetha, Tania Husselstein-Mullera, Diana Bauera, Éva Ádámb, Eberhard Schäfer1,a and Ferenc Nagy1,a,b,c

a Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institut für Biologie II/Botanik, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
b Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
c Institute of Plant Biology, Agricultural Biotechnological Centre, Szent-Gyorgyi A 4, H-2101 Godollo, Hungary

1 To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail schaegen{at}ruf.uni-freiburg.de; fax 49-761-2032629 or e-mail nagyf{at}nucleus.szbk.u-szeged.hu; fax 36-62-433434

The phytochrome family of plant photoreceptors has a central role in the adaptation of plant development to changes in ambient light conditions. The individual phytochrome species regulate different or partly overlapping physiological responses. We generated transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing phytochrome A to E:green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion proteins to assess the biological role of intracellular compartmentation of these photoreceptors in light-regulated signaling. We show that all phytochrome:GFP fusion proteins were imported into the nuclei. Translocation of these photoreceptors into the nuclei was regulated differentially by light. Light-induced accumulation of phytochrome species in the nuclei resulted in the formation of speckles. The appearance of these nuclear structures exhibited distinctly different kinetics, wavelengths, and fluence dependence and was regulated by a diurnal rhythm. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the import of mutant phytochrome B:GFP and phytochrome A:GFP fusion proteins, shown to be defective in signaling in vivo, is regulated by light but is not accompanied by the formation of speckles. These results suggest that (1) the differential regulation of the translocation of phytochrome A to E into nuclei plays a role in the specification of functions, and (2) the appearance of speckles is a functional feature of phytochrome-regulated signaling.




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