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First published online October 10, 2003; 10.1105/tpc.015057

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The Plant Cell, Vol. 15, 2578-2591, November 2003, www.plantcell.org ©2003, American Society of Plant Biologists

Limitations on Geminivirus Genome Size Imposed by Plasmodesmata and Virus-Encoded Movement Protein: Insights into DNA Trafficking

Robert L. Gilbertson1,a, Mysore Sudarshana1,a, Hao Jianga, Maria R. Rojasa,b and William J. Lucas2,b

a Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Enviromental Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
b Section of Plant Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616

2 To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail wjlucas{at}ucdavis.edu; fax 530-752-5410

Animals and plants evolved systems to permit non-cell-autonomous trafficking of RNA, whereas DNA plays a cell-autonomous role. In plants, plasmodesmata serve as the conduit for this phenomenon, and viruses have evolved to use this pathway for the spread of infectious nucleic acids. In this study, a plant DNA virus was used to explore the constraints imposed on the movement of DNA through this endogenous RNA trafficking pathway. The combined properties of the geminivirus-encoded movement protein and plasmodesmata were shown to impose a strict limitation on the size of the viral genome at the level of cell-to-cell movement. Size-increased viral genome components underwent homologous and nonhomologous recombination to overcome this strict limitation. Our results provide insights into the genetic mechanisms that underlie viral evolution and provide a likely explanation for why relatively few types of plant DNA viruses have evolved: they would have had to overcome the constraints imposed by an endogenous system operating to ensure that DNA acts in a cell-autonomous manner.




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