First published online October 10, 2003; 10.1105/tpc.013730
The Plant Cell, Vol. 15, 2719-2729, November 2003,
www.plantcell.org ©2003, American Society of Plant Biologists
The TIME FOR COFFEE Gene Maintains the Amplitude and Timing of Arabidopsis Circadian Clocks
Anthony Hall1,a,
Ruth M. Bastow1,2,a,
Seth J. Davis3,a,
Shigeru Hanano3,a,
Harriet G. McWatters4,a,
Victoria Hibberda,
Mark R. Doyleb,
Sibum Sungb,
Karen J. Hallidayc,
Richard M. Amasinob and
Andrew J. Millar5,a
a Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
b Department of Biochemistry and Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
c School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UG, United Kingdom
5 To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail andrew.millar{at}warwick.ac.uk; fax 44-024-7652 3701
Plants synchronize developmental and metabolic processes with the earth's 24-h rotation through the integration of circadian rhythms and responses to light. We characterize the time for coffee (tic) mutant that disrupts circadian gating, photoperiodism, and multiple circadian rhythms, with differential effects among rhythms. TIC is distinct in physiological functions and genetic map position from other rhythm mutants and their homologous loci. Detailed rhythm analysis shows that the chlorophyll a/b-binding protein gene expression rhythm requires TIC function in the mid to late subjective night, when human activity may require coffee, in contrast to the function of EARLY-FLOWERING3 (ELF3) in the late day to early night. tic mutants misexpress genes that are thought to be critical for circadian timing, consistent with our functional analysis. Thus, we identify TIC as a regulator of the clock gene circuit. In contrast to tic and elf3 single mutants, tic elf3 double mutants are completely arrhythmic. Even the robust circadian clock of plants cannot function with defects at two different phases.
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