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First published online November 20, 2003; 10.1105/tpc.016253

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The Plant Cell, Vol. 15, 2866-2884, December 2003, www.plantcell.org ©2003, American Society of Plant Biologists

Terpenoid Metabolism in Wild-Type and Transgenic Arabidopsis Plants

Asaph Aharoni1,a, Ashok P. Giri2,a, Stephan Deuerleinb, Frans Griepinka, Willem-Jan de Kogela, Francel W. A. Verstappena, Harrie A. Verhoevena, Maarten A. Jongsmaa, Wilfried Schwab3,b and Harro J. Bouwmeestera

a Plant Research International, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
b University of Würzburg, Chair of Food Chemistry, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany

1 To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail asaph.aharoni{at}wur.nl; fax 31-317-418094

Volatile components, such as terpenoids, are emitted from aerial parts of plants and play a major role in the interaction between plants and their environment. Analysis of the composition and emission pattern of volatiles in the model plant Arabidopsis showed that a range of volatile components are released, primarily from flowers. Most of the volatiles detected were monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, which in contrast to other volatiles showed a diurnal emission pattern. The active terpenoid metabolism in wild-type Arabidopsis provoked us to conduct an additional set of experiments in which transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing two different terpene synthases were generated. Leaves of transgenic plants constitutively expressing a dual linalool/nerolidol synthase in the plastids (FaNES1) produced linalool and its glycosylated and hydroxylated derivatives. The sum of glycosylated components was in some of the transgenic lines up to 40- to 60-fold higher than the sum of the corresponding free alcohols. Surprisingly, we also detected the production and emission of nerolidol, albeit at a low level, suggesting that a small pool of its precursor farnesyl diphosphate is present in the plastids. Transgenic lines with strong transgene expression showed growth retardation, possibly as a result of the depletion of isoprenoid precursors in the plastids. In dual-choice assays with Myzus persicae, the FaNES1-expressing lines significantly repelled the aphids. Overexpression of a typical cytosolic sesquiterpene synthase resulted in the production of only trace amounts of the expected sesquiterpene, suggesting tight control of the cytosolic pool of farnesyl diphosphate, the precursor for sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis. This study further demonstrates the value of Arabidopsis for studies of the biosynthesis and ecological role of terpenoids and provides new insights into their metabolism in wild-type and transgenic plants.




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