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First published online January 17, 2003; 10.1105/tpc.006999

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The Plant Cell, Vol. 15, 365-379, February 2003, Copyright © 2003,
American Society of Plant Biologists

HLM1, an Essential Signaling Component in the Hypersensitive Response, Is a Member of the Cyclic Nucleotide–Gated Channel Ion Channel Family

Claudine Balagué1,a, Baiqing Lin1,2,a, Carine Alcon1,b, Guylaine Flottesa, Susanna Malmströmb, Claudia Köhler3,a, Gunther Neuhausc, Georges Pelletierd, Frédéric Gaymardb and Dominique Roby4,a

a Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire des Relations Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 215, BP 27, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France
b Laboratoire de Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/UM2/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Agro-M 5004, Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier cedex 1, France
c Universitat Freiburg, Zellbiologie, Schaenzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
d Laboratoire de Génétique et Amélioration des Plantes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Route de St. Cyr, 78026 Versailles cedex, France

4 To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail roby{at}toulouse.inra.fr; fax 05-61-28-50-61

The hypersensitive response (HR) in plants is a programmed cell death that is commonly associated with disease resistance. A novel mutation in Arabidopsis, hlm1, which causes aberrant regulation of cell death, manifested by a lesion-mimic phenotype and an altered HR, segregated as a single recessive allele. Broad-spectrum defense mechanisms remained functional or were constitutive in the mutant plants, which also exhibited increased resistance to a virulent strain of Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato. In response to avirulent strains of the same pathogen, the hlm1 mutant showed differential abilities to restrict bacterial growth, depending on the avirulence gene expressed by the pathogen. The HLM1 gene encodes a cyclic nucleotide–gated channel, CNGC4. Preliminary study of the HLM1/CNGC4 gene pro-duct in Xenopus oocytes (inside-out patch-clamp technique) showed that CNGC4 is permeable to both K+ and Na+ and is activated by both cGMP and cAMP. HLM1 gene expression is induced in response to pathogen infection and some pathogen-related signals. Thus, HLM1 might constitute a common downstream component of the signaling pathways leading to HR/resistance.




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