First published online January 17, 2003; 10.1105/tpc.007989
The Plant Cell, Vol. 15, 481-494,
February 2003, Copyright © 2003,
American Society of Plant Biologists
Biosynthesis and Emission of Terpenoid Volatiles from Arabidopsis Flowers
Feng Chen1,a,b,
Dorothea Tholl1,b,
John C. D'Auriaa,
Afgan Farooqb,
Eran Pichersky2,a and
Jonathan Gershenzonb
a Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
b Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Winzerlaer Strasse 10, D-07745 Jena, Germany
2 To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail lelx{at}umich.edu; fax 734-647-0884
Arabidopsis is believed to be mostly self-pollinated, although several lines of genetic and morphological evidence indicate that insect-mediated outcrossing occurs with at least a low frequency in wild populations. Here, we show that Arabidopsis flowers emit both monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, potential olfactory cues for pollinating insects. Of the 32 terpene synthase genes in the Arabidopsis genome, 20 were found to be expressed in flowers, 6 of these exclusively or almost exclusively so. Two terpene synthase genes expressed exclusively in the flowers and one terpene synthase gene expressed almost exclusively in the flowers were characterized and found to encode proteins that catalyze the formation of major floral volatiles. A  -glucuronidase fusion construct with a promoter of one of these genes demonstrated that gene expression was restricted to the sepals, stigmas, anther filaments, and receptacles, reaching a peak when the stigma was receptive to cross pollen. The observation that Arabidopsis flowers synthesize and emit volatiles raises intriguing questions about the reproductive behavior of Arabidopsis in the wild and allows detailed investigations of floral volatile biosynthesis and its regulation to be performed with this model plant system.
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