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First published online June 13, 2003; 10.1105/tpc.011544

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The Plant Cell, Vol. 15, 1538-1551, July 2003, Copyright © 2003,
American Society of Plant Biologists

Molecular and Phylogenetic Analyses of the Complete MADS-Box Transcription Factor Family in Arabidopsis

New Openings to the MADS World

Lucie Paenicová1,a, Stefan de Folter1,b, Martin Kieffer1,c, David S. Hornerd, Cristina Favallia, Jacqueline Busscherb, Holly E. Cookc, Richard M. Ingramc, Martin M. Katere, Brendan Daviesc, Gerco C. Angenentb and Lucia Colombo2,a

a Dipartimento di Biologia, Universitá degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
b Plant Development and Reproduction, Plant Research International B.V., 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
c Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
d Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Biochimica Generali, Universitá degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
e Dipartimento di Genetica e di Biologia dei Microrganismi, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy

2 To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail lucia.colombo{at}unimi.it; fax 39-02-50314764

MADS-box transcription factors are key regulators of several plant development processes. Analysis of the complete Arabidopsis genome sequence revealed 107 genes encoding MADS-box proteins, of which 84% are of unknown function. Here, we provide a complete overview of this family, describing the gene structure, gene expression, genome localization, protein motif organization, and phylogenetic relationship of each member. We have divided this transcription factor family into five groups (named MIKC, M{alpha}, M{beta}, M{gamma}, and M{delta}) based on the phylogenetic relationships of the conserved MADS-box domain. This study provides a solid base for functional genomics studies into this important family of plant regulatory genes, including the poorly characterized group of M-type MADS-box proteins. MADS-box genes also constitute an excellent system with which to study the evolution of complex gene families in higher plants.




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