First published online July 3, 2003; 10.1105/tpc.013292
The Plant Cell, Vol. 15, 1918-1933,
August 2003, Copyright © 2003,
American Society of Plant Biologists
ARC6 Is a J-Domain Plastid Division Protein and an Evolutionary Descendant of the Cyanobacterial Cell Division Protein Ftn2
Stanislav Vithaa,
John E. Froehlichb,
Olga Koksharova1,b,
Kevin A. Pykec,
Harrie van Erpb and
Katherine W. Osteryoung2,a
a Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
b Department of EnergyPlant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
c Plant Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
2 To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail osteryou{at}msu.edu; fax 517-353-1926
Replication of chloroplasts is essential for achieving and maintaining optimal plastid numbers in plant cells. The plastid division machinery contains components of both endosymbiotic and host cell origin, but little is known about the regulation and molecular mechanisms that govern the division process. The Arabidopsis mutant arc6 is defective in plastid division, and its leaf mesophyll cells contain only one or two grossly enlarged chloroplasts. We show here that arc6 chloroplasts also exhibit abnormal localization of the key plastid division proteins FtsZ1 and FtsZ2. Whereas in wild-type plants, the FtsZ proteins assemble into a ring at the plastid division site, chloroplasts in the arc6 mutant contain numerous short, disorganized FtsZ filament fragments. We identified the mutation in arc6 and show that the ARC6 gene encodes a chloroplast-targeted DnaJ-like protein localized to the plastid envelope membrane. An ARC6green fluorescent protein fusion protein was localized to a ring at the center of the chloroplasts and rescued the chloroplast division defect in the arc6 mutant. The ARC6 gene product is related closely to Ftn2, a prokaryotic cell division protein unique to cyanobacteria. Based on the FtsZ filament morphology observed in the arc6 mutant and in plants that overexpress ARC6, we hypothesize that ARC6 functions in the assembly and/or stabilization of the plastid-dividing FtsZ ring. We also analyzed FtsZ localization patterns in transgenic plants in which plastid division was blocked by altered expression of the division sitedetermining factor AtMinD. Our results indicate that MinD and ARC6 act in opposite directions: ARC6 promotes and MinD inhibits FtsZ filament formation in the chloroplast.
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