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First published online July 3, 2003; 10.1105/tpc.011809

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The Plant Cell, Vol. 15, 1934-1944, August 2003, Copyright © 2003,
American Society of Plant Biologists

Two-Step Regulation and Continuous Retrotransposition of the Rice LINE-Type Retrotransposon Karma

Mai Komatsu1,a, Ko Shimamotoa and Junko Kyozuka1,2,a,b

a Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
b CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan

2 To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail akyozuka{at}mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp; fax 81-3-5841-5087

Here, we report the identification of Karma, a LINE-type retrotransposon of plants for which continuous retrotransposition was observed in consecutive generations. The transcription of Karma is activated in cultured cells of rice upon DNA hypomethylation. However, transcription is insufficient for retrotransposition, because no increase in the copy number was observed in cultured cells or in the first generation of plants regenerated from them. Despite that finding, copy number increase was detected in the next generation of regenerated plants as well as in later generations, suggesting that the post-transcriptional regulation of Karma retrotransposition is development dependent. Our results indicate that two different mechanisms, one transcriptional and the other developmental, control the mobilization of Karma. In addition, unlike other known active plant retrotransposons, Karma is not subject to de novo methylation, and retrotransposition persists through several generations.




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