First published online September 14, 2004; 10.1105/tpc.104.024711
The Plant Cell 16:2705-2718 (2004)
© 2004 American Society of Plant Biologists
Reserve Mobilization in the Arabidopsis Endosperm Fuels Hypocotyl Elongation in the Dark, Is Independent of Abscisic Acid, and Requires PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYKINASE1
Steven Penfield,
Elizabeth L. Rylott,
Alison D. Gilday,
Stuart Graham,
Tony R. Larson and
Ian A. Graham1
CNAP, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5YW, United Kingdom
1 To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail iag1{at}york.ac.uk; fax 44-1904-328762.
Arabidopsis thaliana is used as a model system to study triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation and seed germination in oilseeds. Here, we consider the partitioning of these lipid reserves between embryo and endosperm tissues in the mature seed. The Arabidopsis endosperm accumulates significant quantities of storage lipid, and this is effectively catabolized upon germination. This lipid differs in composition from that in the embryo and has a specific function during germination. Removing the endosperm from the wild-type seeds resulted in a reduction in hypocotyl elongation in the dark, demonstrating a role for endospermic TAG reserves in fueling skotomorphogenesis. Seedlings of two allelic gluconeogenically compromised phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase1 (pck1) mutants show a reduction in hypocotyl length in the dark compared with the wild type, but this is not further reduced by removing the endosperm. The short hypocotyl phenotypes were completely reversed by the provision of an exogenous supply of sucrose. The PCK1 gene is expressed in both embryo and endosperm, and the induction of PCK1:ß-glucuronidase at radicle emergence occurs in a robust, wave-like manner around the embryo suggestive of the action of a diffusing signal. Strikingly, the induction of PCK1 promoter reporter constructs and measurements of lipid breakdown demonstrate that whereas lipid mobilization in the embryo is inhibited by abscisic acid (ABA), no effect is seen in the endosperm. This insensitivity of endosperm tissues is not specific to lipid breakdown because hydrolysis of the seed coat cell walls also proceeded in the presence of concentrations of ABA that effectively inhibit radicle emergence. Both processes still required gibberellins, however. These results suggest a model whereby the breakdown of seed carbon reserves is regulated in a tissue-specific manner and shed new light on phytohormonal regulation of the germination process.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
|
|
 
A. Linkies, U. Schuster-Sherpa, S. Tintelnot, G. Leubner-Metzger, and K. Muller
Peroxidases identified in a subtractive cDNA library approach show tissue-specific transcript abundance and enzyme activity during seed germination of Lepidium sativum
J. Exp. Bot.,
January 1, 2010;
61(2):
491 - 502.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Baud, N. R. Dichow, Z. Kelemen, S. d'Andrea, A. To, N. Berger, M. Canonge, J. Kronenberger, D. Viterbo, B. Dubreucq, et al.
Regulation of HSD1 in Seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana
Plant Cell Physiol.,
August 1, 2009;
50(8):
1463 - 1478.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Penfield and A. Hall
A Role for Multiple Circadian Clock Genes in the Response to Signals That Break Seed Dormancy in Arabidopsis
PLANT CELL,
June 1, 2009;
21(6):
1722 - 1732.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Pignocchi, G. E. Minns, N. Nesi, R. Koumproglou, G. Kitsios, C. Benning, C. W. Lloyd, J. H. Doonan, and M. J Hills
ENDOSPERM DEFECTIVE1 Is a Novel Microtubule-Associated Protein Essential for Seed Development in Arabidopsis
PLANT CELL,
January 1, 2009;
21(1):
90 - 105.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Linka, F. L. Theodoulou, R. P. Haslam, M. Linka, J. A. Napier, H. E. Neuhaus, and A. P.M. Weber
Peroxisomal ATP Import Is Essential for Seedling Development in Arabidopsis thaliana
PLANT CELL,
December 1, 2008;
20(12):
3241 - 3257.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Helm, M. Schmid, G. Hierl, K. Terneus, L. Tan, F. Lottspeich, M. J. Kieliszewski, and C. Gietl
KDEL-tailed cysteine endopeptidases involved in programmed cell death, intercalation of new cells, and dismantling of extensin scaffolds
Am. J. Botany,
September 1, 2008;
95(9):
1049 - 1062.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Tang, Z. Deng, J. A. Oses-Prieto, N. Suzuki, S. Zhu, X. Zhang, A. L. Burlingame, and Z.-Y. Wang
Proteomics Studies of Brassinosteroid Signal Transduction Using Prefractionation and Two-dimensional DIGE
Mol. Cell. Proteomics,
April 1, 2008;
7(4):
728 - 738.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Toh, A. Imamura, A. Watanabe, K. Nakabayashi, M. Okamoto, Y. Jikumaru, A. Hanada, Y. Aso, K. Ishiyama, N. Tamura, et al.
High Temperature-Induced Abscisic Acid Biosynthesis and Its Role in the Inhibition of Gibberellin Action in Arabidopsis Seeds
Plant Physiology,
March 1, 2008;
146(3):
1368 - 1385.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Andre and C. Benning
Arabidopsis Seedlings Deficient in a Plastidic Pyruvate Kinase Are Unable to Utilize Seed Storage Compounds for Germination and Establishment
Plant Physiology,
December 1, 2007;
145(4):
1670 - 1680.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Malone, Z.-H. Chen, A. R. Bahrami, R. P. Walker, J. E. Gray, and R. C. Leegood
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase in Arabidopsis: Changes in Gene Expression, Protein and Activity during Vegetative and Reproductive Development
Plant Cell Physiol.,
March 1, 2007;
48(3):
441 - 450.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. C. Bethke, I. G.L. Libourel, N. Aoyama, Y.-Y. Chung, D. W. Still, and R. L. Jones
The Arabidopsis Aleurone Layer Responds to Nitric Oxide, Gibberellin, and Abscisic Acid and Is Sufficient and Necessary for Seed Dormancy
Plant Physiology,
March 1, 2007;
143(3):
1173 - 1188.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Footitt, J. Marquez, H. Schmuths, A. Baker, F. L. Theodoulou, and M. Holdsworth
Analysis of the role of COMATOSE and peroxisomal beta-oxidation in the determination of germination potential in Arabidopsis
J. Exp. Bot.,
August 1, 2006;
57(11):
2805 - 2814.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Penfield, Y. Li, A. D. Gilday, S. Graham, and I. A. Graham
Arabidopsis ABA INSENSITIVE4 Regulates Lipid Mobilization in the Embryo and Reveals Repression of Seed Germination by the Endosperm
PLANT CELL,
August 1, 2006;
18(8):
1887 - 1899.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Cernac, C. Andre, S. Hoffmann-Benning, and C. Benning
WRI1 Is Required for Seed Germination and Seedling Establishment
Plant Physiology,
June 1, 2006;
141(2):
745 - 757.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Okamoto, A. Kuwahara, M. Seo, T. Kushiro, T. Asami, N. Hirai, Y. Kamiya, T. Koshiba, and E. Nambara
CYP707A1 and CYP707A2, Which Encode Abscisic Acid 8'-Hydroxylases, Are Indispensable for Proper Control of Seed Dormancy and Germination in Arabidopsis
Plant Physiology,
May 1, 2006;
141(1):
97 - 107.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. J. Eastmond
SUGAR-DEPENDENT1 Encodes a Patatin Domain Triacylglycerol Lipase That Initiates Storage Oil Breakdown in Germinating Arabidopsis Seeds
PLANT CELL,
March 1, 2006;
18(3):
665 - 675.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Manz, K. Muller, B. Kucera, F. Volke, and G. Leubner-Metzger
Water Uptake and Distribution in Germinating Tobacco Seeds Investigated in Vivo by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Plant Physiology,
July 1, 2005;
138(3):
1538 - 1551.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. E. Turner, K. Greville, E. C. Murphy, and M. A. Hooks
Characterization of Arabidopsis Fluoroacetate-resistant Mutants Reveals the Principal Mechanism of Acetate Activation for Entry into the Glyoxylate Cycle
J. Biol. Chem.,
January 28, 2005;
280(4):
2780 - 2787.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
