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The Plant Cell 16:2772-2784 (2004)
© 2004 American Society of Plant Biologists

Repeated Evolution of the Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid–Mediated Defense System in Separate Angiosperm Lineages{boxw}

Andreas Reimann, Niknik Nurhayati, Anita Backenköhler and Dietrich Ober1

Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie der Technischen Universität, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany

1 To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail d.ober{at}tu-bs.de; fax 49-531-3918104.

Species of several unrelated families within the angiosperms are able to constitutively produce pyrrolizidine alkaloids as a defense against herbivores. In pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) biosynthesis, homospermidine synthase (HSS) catalyzes the first specific step. HSS was recruited during angiosperm evolution from deoxyhypusine synthase (DHS), an enzyme involved in the posttranslational activation of eukaryotic initiation factor 5A. Phylogenetic analysis of 23 cDNA sequences coding for HSS and DHS of various angiosperm species revealed at least four independent recruitments of HSS from DHS: one within the Boraginaceae, one within the monocots, and two within the Asteraceae family. Furthermore, sequence analyses indicated elevated substitution rates within HSS-coding sequences after each gene duplication, with an increased level of nonsynonymous mutations. However, the contradiction between the polyphyletic origin of the first enzyme in PA biosynthesis and the structural identity of the final biosynthetic PA products needs clarification.




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