First published online January 16, 2004; 10.1105/tpc.018143
The Plant Cell 16:367-378 (2004)
© 2004 American Society of Plant Biologists
Activation of Gibberellin Biosynthesis and Response Pathways by Low Temperature during Imbibition of Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds
Yukika Yamauchi,
Mikihiro Ogawa,
Ayuko Kuwahara,
Atsushi Hanada,
Yuji Kamiya and
Shinjiro Yamaguchi1
Plant Science Center, RIKEN, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
1 To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail shinjiro{at}postman.riken.go.jp; fax 81-45-503-9662.
Exposure of imbibed seeds to low temperature (typically 4°C) is widely used to break seed dormancy and to improve the frequency of germination. However, the mechanism by which temperature accelerates germination is largely unknown. Using DNA microarray and gas chromatographymass spectrometry analyses, we found that a subset of gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis genes were upregulated in response to low temperature, resulting in an increase in the level of bioactive GAs and transcript abundance of GA-inducible genes in imbibed Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. Using a loss-of-function mutant, the cold-inducible GA biosynthesis gene, AtGA3ox1, was shown to play an essential role in mediating the effect of low temperature. Besides temperature, AtGA3ox1 also is positively regulated by active phytochrome and negatively regulated by GA activity. We show that both red light and GA deficiency act in addition to low temperature to elevate the level of AtGA3ox1 transcript, indicating that multiple signals are integrated by the AtGA3ox1 gene to control seed germination. When induced by low temperature, AtGA3ox1 mRNA was detectable by in situ RNA hybridization in an additional set of cell types relative to that in red lightinduced seeds. Our results illustrate that the GA biosynthesis and response pathways are activated during seed imbibition at low temperature and suggest that the cellular distribution of bioactive GAs may be altered under different light and temperature conditions.
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