First published online April 9, 2004; 10.1105/tpc.018903
The Plant Cell 16:1091-1104 (2004)
© 2004 American Society of Plant Biologists
ATR Regulates a G2-Phase Cell-Cycle Checkpoint in Arabidopsis thaliana
Kevin Culligana,1,
Alain Tissierb,2 and
Anne Britta
a Section of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
b Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Cadarache, Direction des Sciences du Vivant Département d'Ecophysiologie Végétale et de Microbiologie, Laboratoire de Radiobiologie Végétale, 13108 St. Paul-lez-Durance Cedex, France
1 To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail kmculligan{at}ucdavis.edu; fax 530-752-5410.
Ataxia telangiectasia-mutated and Rad3-related (ATR) plays a central role in cell-cycle regulation, transmitting DNA damage signals to downstream effectors of cell-cycle progression. In animals, ATR is an essential gene. Here, we find that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) atr–/– mutants were viable, fertile, and phenotypically wild-type in the absence of exogenous DNA damaging agents but exhibit altered expression of AtRNR1 (ribonucleotide reductase large subunit) and alteration of some damage-induced cell-cycle checkpoints. atr mutants were hypersensitive to hydroxyurea (HU), aphidicolin, and UV-B light but only mildly sensitive to  -radiation. G2 arrest was observed in response to -irradiation in both wild-type and atr plants, albeit with slightly different kinetics, suggesting that ATR plays a secondary role in response to double-strand breaks. G2 arrest also was observed in wild-type plants in response to aphidicolin but was defective in atr mutants, resulting in compaction of nuclei and subsequent cell death. By contrast, HU-treated wild-type and atr plants arrested in G1 and showed no obvious signs of cell death. We propose that, in plants, HU invokes a novel checkpoint responsive to low levels of deoxynucleotide triphosphates. These results demonstrate the important role of cell-cycle checkpoints in the ability of plant cells to sense and cope with problems associated with DNA replication.
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