First published online April 14, 2004; 10.1105/tpc.019943
The Plant Cell 16:1163-1177 (2004)
© 2004 American Society of Plant Biologists
Differential Activation of the Rice Sucrose Nonfermenting1Related Protein Kinase2 Family by Hyperosmotic Stress and Abscisic Acid
Yuhko Kobayashia,
Shuhei Yamamotoa,
Hideyuki Minamia,
Yasuaki Kagayab and
Tsukaho Hattoria,1
a Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
b Life Science Research Center, Mie University, 1515 Kamihama-cho, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
1 To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail hattori{at}agr.nagoya-u.ac.jp; fax 81 52 789 5214.
To date, a large number of sequences of protein kinases that belong to the sucrose nonfermenting1related protein kinase2 (SnRK2) family are found in databases. However, only limited numbers of the family members have been characterized and implicated in abscisic acid (ABA) and hyperosmotic stress signaling. We identified 10 SnRK2 protein kinases encoded by the rice (Oryza sativa) genome. Each of the 10 members was expressed in cultured cell protoplasts, and its regulation was analyzed. Here, we demonstrate that all family members are activated by hyperosmotic stress and that three of them are also activated by ABA. Surprisingly, there were no members that were activated only by ABA. The activation was found to be regulated via phosphorylation. In addition to the functional distinction with respect to ABA regulation, dependence of activation on the hyperosmotic strength was different among the members. We show that the relatively diverged C-terminal domain is mainly responsible for this functional distinction, although the kinase domain also contributes to these differences. The results indicated that the SnRK2 protein kinase family has evolved specifically for hyperosmotic stress signaling and that individual members have acquired distinct regulatory properties, including ABA responsiveness by modifying the C-terminal domain.
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