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VASCULAR ASSOCIATED DEATH1, a Novel GRAM Domain–Containing Protein, Is a Regulator of Cell Death and Defense Responses in Vascular Tissues

^a Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherches, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 2594, Boîte Postale 27, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, Cedex, France
^b Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes, Université Paris XI, 91405 Orsay, Cedex, France
^c Institut de Recherche pour le Développment, Unité Mixte de Recherches, Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Agronomie de Montpellier/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Résistance des Plantes, Boîte Postale 64501 34394 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France

³ To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail roby{at}toulouse.inra.fr; fax 33-05-61-28-50-61.

The hypersensitive response (HR) is a programmed cell death that is commonly associated with plant disease resistance. A novel lesion mimic mutant, vad1 (for vascular associated death1), that exhibits light conditional appearance of propagative HR-like lesions along the vascular system was identified. Lesion formation is associated with expression of defense genes, production of high levels of salicylic acid (SA), and increased resistance to virulent and avirulent strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato. Analyses of the progeny from crosses between vad1 plants and either nahG transgenic plants, sid1, nonexpressor of PR1 (npr1), enhanced disease susceptibility1 (eds1), or non-race specific disease resistance1 (ndr1) mutants, revealed the vad1 cell death phenotype to be dependent on SA biosynthesis but NPR1 independent; in addition, both EDS1 and NDR1 are necessary for the proper timing and amplification of cell death as well as for increased resistance to Pseudomonas strains. VAD1 encodes a novel putative membrane-associated protein containing a GRAM domain, a lipid or protein binding signaling domain, and is expressed in response to pathogen infection at the vicinity of the hypersensitive lesions. VAD1 might thus represent a new potential function in cell death control associated with cells in the vicinity of vascular bundles.

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