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First published online August 19, 2004; 10.1105/tpc.104.023135

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The Plant Cell 16:2265-2277 (2004)
© 2004 American Society of Plant Biologists

From Endonucleases to Transcription Factors: Evolution of the AP2 DNA Binding Domain in Plants{fx1}

Enrico Magnania,b,1, Kimmen Sjölanderc and Sarah Hakea,b

a Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
b U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Plant Gene Expression Center, Albany, California 94710
c Berkeley Phylogenomics Group, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720

1 To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail emagnani{at}berkeley.edu; fax 510-559-6089.

All members of the AP2/ERF family of plant transcription regulators contain at least one copy of a DNA binding domain called the AP2 domain. The AP2 domain has been considered plant specific. Here, we show that homologs are present in the cyanobacterium Trichodesmium erythraeum, the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila, and the viruses Enterobacteria phage Rb49 and Bacteriophage Felix 01. We demonstrate that the T. erythraeum AP2 domain selectively binds stretches of poly(dG)/poly(dC) showing functional conservation with plant AP2/ERF proteins. The newly discovered nonplant proteins bearing an AP2 domain are predicted to be HNH endonucleases. Sequence conservation extends outside the AP2 domain to include part of the endonuclease domain for the T. erythraeum protein and some plant AP2/ERF proteins. Our phylogenetic analysis of the broader family of AP2 domains supports the possibility of lateral gene transfer. We hypothesize that a horizontal transfer of an HNH-AP2 endonuclease from bacteria or viruses into plants may have led to the origin of the AP2/ERF family of transcription factors via transposition and homing processes.




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