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First published online August 12, 2004; 10.1105/tpc.104.022608

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The Plant Cell 16:2448-2462 (2004)
© 2004 American Society of Plant Biologists

Evidence for a Direct Link between Glutathione Biosynthesis and Stress Defense Gene Expression in Arabidopsis{fx1}

Louise Balla, Gian-Paolo Accottob, Ulrike Bechtoldc, Gary Creissena, Dietmar Funckd, Ana Jimeneze, Baldeep Kulara, Nicola Leylanda, Jaime Mejia-Carranzaa, Helen Reynoldsa, Stanislaw Karpinskid and Philip M. Mullineauxc,1

a Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
b Istituto di Virologia Vegetale, Strada delle Cacce, 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
c Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
d Department of Botany, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
e Centro de Edafologia y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain

1 To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail mullin{at}essex.ac.uk; fax 44-1603-873598.

The mutant regulator of APX2 1-1 (rax1-1) was identified in Arabidopsis thaliana that constitutively expressed normally photooxidative stress-inducible ASCORBATE PEROXIDASE2 (APX2) and had ≥50% lowered foliar glutathione levels. Mapping revealed that rax1-1 is an allele of {gamma}-GLUTAMYLCYSTEINE SYNTHETASE 1 (GSH1), which encodes chloroplastic {gamma}-glutamylcysteine synthetase, the controlling step of glutathione biosynthesis. By comparison of rax1-1 with the GSH1 mutant cadmium hypersensitive 2, the expression of 32 stress-responsive genes was shown to be responsive to changed glutathione metabolism. Under photo-oxidative stress conditions, the expression of a wider set of defense-related genes was altered in the mutants. In wild-type plants, glutathione metabolism may play a key role in determining the degree of expression of defense genes controlled by several signaling pathways both before and during stress. This control may reflect the physiological state of the plant at the time of the onset of an environmental challenge and suggests that changes in glutathione metabolism may be one means of integrating the function of several signaling pathways.




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