First published online December 14, 2004; 10.1105/tpc.104.027136
The Plant Cell 17:52-60 (2005)
© 2005 American Society of Plant Biologists
Maternal Control of Integument Cell Elongation and Zygotic Control of Endosperm Growth Are Coordinated to Determine Seed Size in Arabidopsis
Damien Garcia1,
Jonathan N. Fitz Gerald2 and
Frédéric Berger2,3
European Molecular Biology Organization, Young Investigator Program Team, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5667, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Ecole Normale Supérieure-Lyon, Université Lyon I, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 128 BioSciences, Gerland, F-69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
3 To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail fred{at}tll.org.sg; fax 65-68727007.
We use Arabidopsis thaliana as a model to investigate coordination of cell proliferation and cell elongation in the three components that develop side by side in the seed. Two of these, the embryo and its nurturing annex, the endosperm, are placed under zygotic control and develop within the seed integument placed under maternal control. We show that integument cell proliferation and endosperm growth are largely independent from each other. By contrast, prevention of cell elongation in the integument by the mutation transparent testa glabra2 (ttg2) restricts endosperm and seed growth. Conversely, endosperm growth controlled by the HAIKU (IKU) genetic pathway modulates integument cell elongation. Combinations of TTG2 defective seed integument with reduction of endosperm size by iku mutations identify integument cell elongation and endosperm growth as the primary regulators of seed size. Our results strongly suggest that a cross talk between maternal and zygotic controls represents the primary regulator of the coordinated control of seed size in Arabidopsis.
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