First published online November 18, 2005; 10.1105/tpc.105.035261
The Plant Cell 17:3257-3281 (2005)
© 2005 American Society of Plant Biologists
OPEN ACCESS ARTICLE
Sugars and Circadian Regulation Make Major Contributions to the Global Regulation of Diurnal Gene Expression in Arabidopsis[W],[OA]
Oliver E. Bläsinga,1,
Yves Gibona,
Manuela Günthera,
Melanie Höhnea,
Rosa Morcuendeb,
Daniel Osunaa,
Oliver Thimma,
Björn Usadela,
Wolf-Rüdiger Scheiblea and
Mark Stitta
a Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
b Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia de Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
1 To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail blaesing{at}mpimp-golm.mpg.de; fax 49-331-567-8102.
The diurnal cycle strongly influences many plant metabolic and physiological processes. Arabidopsis thaliana rosettes were harvested six times during 12-h-light/12-h-dark treatments to investigate changes in gene expression using ATH1 arrays. Diagnostic gene sets were identified from published or in-house expression profiles of the response to light, sugar, nitrogen, and water deficit in seedlings and 4 h of darkness or illumination at ambient or compensation point [CO2]. Many sugar-responsive genes showed large diurnal expression changes, whose timing matched that of the diurnal changes of sugars. A set of circadian-regulated genes also showed large diurnal changes in expression. Comparison of published results from a free-running cycle with the diurnal changes in Columbia-0 (Col-0) and the starchless phosphoglucomutase (pgm) mutant indicated that sugars modify the expression of up to half of the clock-regulated genes. Principle component analysis identified genes that make large contributions to diurnal changes and confirmed that sugar and circadian regulation are the major inputs in Col-0 but that sugars dominate the response in pgm. Most of the changes in pgm are triggered by low sugar levels during the night rather than high levels in the light, highlighting the importance of responses to low sugar in diurnal gene regulation. We identified a set of candidate regulatory genes that show robust responses to alterations in sugar levels and change markedly during the diurnal cycle.
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