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First published online February 10, 2005; 10.1105/tpc.104.026872

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The Plant Cell 17:876-887 (2005)
© 2005 American Society of Plant Biologists

A Vacuolar Processing Enzyme, {delta}VPE, Is Involved in Seed Coat Formation at the Early Stage of Seed Development

Satoru Nakaunea, Kenji Yamadaa,b, Maki Kondob, Tomohiko Katoc, Satoshi Tabatac, Mikio Nishimurab and Ikuko Hara-Nishimuraa,1

a Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
b Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
c Department of Plant Gene Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan

1 To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail ihnishi{at}gr.bot.kyoto-u.ac.jp; fax 81-75-753-4142.

Vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE) is a Cys proteinase responsible for the maturation of vacuolar proteins. Arabidopsis thaliana {delta}VPE, which was recently found in the database, was specifically and transiently expressed in two cell layers of the seed coat (ii2 and ii3) at an early stage of seed development. At this stage, cell death accompanying cell shrinkage occurs in the ii2 layer followed by cell death in the ii3 layer. In a {delta}VPE-deficient mutant, cell death of the two layers of the seed coat was delayed. Immunocytochemical analysis localized {delta}VPE to electron-dense structures inside and outside the walls of seed coat cells that undergo cell death. Interestingly, {delta}VPE in the precipitate fraction from young siliques exhibits caspase-1–like activity, which has been detected in various types of plant cell death. Our results suggest that, at the early stage of seed development, {delta}VPE is involved in cell death of limited cell layers, the purpose of which is to form a seed coat.




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