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NPS6, Encoding a Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase Involved in Siderophore-Mediated Iron Metabolism, Is a Conserved Virulence Determinant of Plant Pathogenic Ascomycetes^[W]

^a Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
^b Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
^c Plant Protection Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, New York 14853
^d Division of Molecular Biology/Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria

¹ To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail bgt1{at}cornell.edu; fax 607-255-8835.

NPS6, encoding a nonribosomal peptide synthetase, is a virulence determinant in the maize (Zea mays) pathogen Cochliobolus heterostrophus and is involved in tolerance to H₂O₂. Deletion of NPS6 orthologs in the rice (Oryza sativa) pathogen, Cochliobolus miyabeanus, the wheat (Triticum aestivum) pathogen, Fusarium graminearum, and the Arabidopsis thaliana pathogen, Alternaria brassicicola, resulted in reduced virulence and hypersensitivity to H₂O₂. Introduction of the NPS6 ortholog from the saprobe Neurospora crassa to the nps6 strain of C. heterostrophus restored wild-type virulence to maize and tolerance to H₂O₂, demonstrating functional conservation in filamentous ascomycete phytopathogens and saprobes. Increased sensitivity to iron depletion was identified as a conserved phenotype of nps6 strains. Exogenous application of iron enhanced the virulence of nps6 strains of C. heterostrophus, C. miyabeanus, F. graminearum, and A. brassicicola to each host. NPS6 is responsible for the biosynthesis of extracellular siderophores by C. heterostrophus, F. graminearum, and A. brassicicola. Application of the extracellular siderophore of A. brassicicola restored wild-type virulence of the Abnps6 strain to Arabidopsis. It is proposed that the role of extracellular siderophores in fungal virulence to plants is to supply an essential nutrient, iron, to their producers in planta and not to act as phytotoxins, depriving their hosts of iron.

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