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THE PLANT CELL, Vol 2, Issue 8 755-767, Copyright © 1990 by American Society of Plant Biologists
Early Flower Development in Arabidopsis
D. R. Smyth, J. L. Bowman and E. M. Meyerowitz
Division of Biology 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
The early development of the flower of Arabidopsis thaliana is described
from initiation until the opening of the bud. The morphogenesis, growth
rate, and surface structure of floral organs were recorded in detail using
scanning electron microscopy. Flower development has been divided into 12
stages using a series of landmark events. Stage 1 begins with the
initiation of a floral buttress on the flank of the apical meristem. Stage
2 commences when the flower primordium becomes separate from the meristem.
Sepal primordia then arise (stage 3) and grow to overlie the primordium
(stage 4). Petal and stamen primordia appear next (stage 5) and are soon
enclosed by the sepals (stage 6). During stage 6, petal primordia grow
slowly, whereas stamen primordia enlarge more rapidly. Stage 7 begins when
the medial stamens become stalked. These soon develop locules (stage 8). A
long stage 9 then commences with the petal primordia becoming stalked.
During this stage all organs lengthen rapidly. This includes the gynoecium,
which commences growth as an open-ended tube during stage 6. When the
petals reach the length of the lateral stamens, stage 10 begins. Stigmatic
papillae appear soon after (stage 11), and the petals rapidly reach the
height of the medial stamens (stage 12). This final stage ends when the
1-millimeter-long bud opens. Under our growing conditions 1.9 buds were
initiated per day on average, and they took 13.25 days to progress through
the 12 stages from initiation until opening.
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D. Kwiatkowska
Flowering and apical meristem growth dynamics
J. Exp. Bot.,
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S. Masuda, K. Mizusawa, T. Narisawa, Y. Tozawa, H. Ohta, and K.-i. Takamiya
The Bacterial Stringent Response, Conserved in Chloroplasts, Controls Plant Fertilization
Plant Cell Physiol.,
February 1, 2008;
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M. G. Stacey, A. Patel, W. E. McClain, M. Mathieu, M. Remley, E. E. Rogers, W. Gassmann, D. G. Blevins, and G. Stacey
The Arabidopsis AtOPT3 Protein Functions in Metal Homeostasis and Movement of Iron to Developing Seeds
Plant Physiology,
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R. Wen, J. A. Torres-Acosta, L. Pastushok, X. Lai, L. Pelzer, H. Wang, and W. Xiao
Arabidopsis UEV1D Promotes Lysine-63-Linked Polyubiquitination and Is Involved in DNA Damage Response
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P. E. Stronghill and C. A. Hasenkampf
Analysis of substage associations in prophase I of meiosis in floral buds of wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae)
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S. Coimbra, J. Almeida, V. Junqueira, M. L. Costa, and L. G. Pereira
Arabinogalactan proteins as molecular markers in Arabidopsis thaliana sexual reproduction
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T. Ito, K.-H. Ng, T.-S. Lim, H. Yu, and E. M. Meyerowitz
The Homeotic Protein AGAMOUS Controls Late Stamen Development by Regulating a Jasmonate Biosynthetic Gene in Arabidopsis
PLANT CELL,
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[Abstract]
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C. Yang, G. Vizcay-Barrena, K. Conner, and Z. A. Wilson
MALE STERILITY1 Is Required for Tapetal Development and Pollen Wall Biosynthesis
PLANT CELL,
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Y.-H. Chen, H.-J. Li, D.-Q. Shi, L. Yuan, J. Liu, R. Sreenivasan, R. Baskar, U. Grossniklaus, and W.-C. Yang
The Central Cell Plays a Critical Role in Pollen Tube Guidance in Arabidopsis
PLANT CELL,
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M. Alves-Ferreira, F. Wellmer, A. Banhara, V. Kumar, J. L. Riechmann, and E. M. Meyerowitz
Global Expression Profiling Applied to the Analysis of Arabidopsis Stamen Development
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A. Busch and S. Zachgo
Control of corolla monosymmetry in the Brassicaceae Iberis amara
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S. U. Andersen, R. G. Algreen-Petersen, M. Hoedl, A. Jurkiewicz, C. Cvitanich, U. Braunschweig, L. Schauser, S.-A. Oh, D. Twell, and E. O. Jensen
The conserved cysteine-rich domain of a tesmin/TSO1-like protein binds zinc in vitro and TSO1 is required for both male and female fertility in Arabidopsis thaliana
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M. Goetz, L. C. Hooper, S. D. Johnson, J. C. M. Rodrigues, A. Vivian-Smith, and A. M. Koltunow
Expression of Aberrant Forms of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR8 Stimulates Parthenocarpy in Arabidopsis and Tomato
Plant Physiology,
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W. Dewitte, S. Scofield, A. A. Alcasabas, S. C. Maughan, M. Menges, N. Braun, C. Collins, J. Nieuwland, E. Prinsen, V. Sundaresan, et al.
Arabidopsis CYCD3 D-type cyclins link cell proliferation and endocycles and are rate-limiting for cytokinin responses
PNAS,
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C. Fourquin, M. Vinauger-Douard, P. Chambrier, A. Berne-Dedieu, and C. P. Scutt
Functional Conservation between CRABS CLAW Orthologues from Widely Diverged Angiosperms
Ann. Bot.,
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N. Yamaguchi, M. Suzuki, H. Fukaki, M. Morita-Terao, M. Tasaka, and Y. Komeda
CRM1/BIG-Mediated Auxin Action Regulates Arabidopsis Inflorescence Development
Plant Cell Physiol.,
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L. J. Pillitteri, S. M. Bemis, E. D. Shpak, and K. U. Torii
Haploinsufficiency after successive loss of signaling reveals a role for ERECTA-family genes in Arabidopsis ovule development
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R. Kumar, K. Kushalappa, D. Godt, M. S. Pidkowich, S. Pastorelli, S. R. Hepworth, and G. W. Haughn
The Arabidopsis BEL1-LIKE HOMEODOMAIN Proteins SAW1 and SAW2 Act Redundantly to Regulate KNOX Expression Spatially in Leaf Margins
PLANT CELL,
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S. Footitt, J. E. Cornah, I. Pracharoenwattana, J. H. Bryce, and S. M. Smith
The Arabidopsis 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase-2 (kat2-1) mutant exhibits increased flowering but reduced reproductive success
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J. A. Punwani, D. S. Rabiger, and G. N. Drews
MYB98 Positively Regulates a Battery of Synergid-Expressed Genes Encoding Filiform Apparatus Localized Proteins
PLANT CELL,
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L. Sandaklie-Nikolova, R. Palanivelu, E. J. King, G. P. Copenhaver, and G. N. Drews
Synergid Cell Death in Arabidopsis Is Triggered following Direct Interaction with the Pollen Tube
Plant Physiology,
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S. Footitt, D. Dietrich, A. Fait, A. R. Fernie, M. J. Holdsworth, A. Baker, and F. L. Theodoulou
The COMATOSE ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter Is Required for Full Fertility in Arabidopsis
Plant Physiology,
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[Abstract]
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