Plant Cell Huazhong Agricultural University
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First published online June 30, 2009; 10.1105/tpc.109.067785

The Plant Cell 21:1769-1780 (2009)
© 2009 American Society of Plant Biologists

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The PLASTID DIVISION1 and 2 Components of the Chloroplast Division Machinery Determine the Rate of Chloroplast Division in Land Plant Cell Differentiation[C],[W]

Kumiko Okazakia,1, Yukihiro Kabeyaa,1, Kenji Suzukia, Toshiyuki Moria, Takanari Ichikawab, Minami Matsuib, Hiromitsu Nakanishia and Shin-ya Miyagishimaa,2

a Initiative Research Program, Advanced Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
b Plant Functional Genomics Research Team, RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan

2 Address correspondence to smiyagi{at}riken.jp.

In most algae, the chloroplast division rate is held constant to maintain the proper number of chloroplasts per cell. By contrast, land plants evolved cell and chloroplast differentiation systems in which the size and number of chloroplasts change along with their respective cellular function by regulation of the division rate. Here, we show that PLASTID DIVISION (PDV) proteins, land plant–specific components of the division apparatus, determine the rate of chloroplast division. Overexpression of PDV proteins in the angiosperm Arabidopsis thaliana and the moss Physcomitrella patens increased the number but decreased the size of chloroplasts; reduction of PDV levels resulted in the opposite effect. The level of PDV proteins, but not other division components, decreased during leaf development, during which the chloroplast division rate also decreased. Exogenous cytokinins or overexpression of the cytokinin-responsive transcription factor CYTOKININ RESPONSE FACTOR2 increased the chloroplast division rate, where PDV proteins, but not other components of the division apparatus, were upregulated. These results suggest that the integration of PDV proteins into the division machinery enabled land plant cells to change chloroplast size and number in accord with the fate of cell differentiation.






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