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THE PLANT CELL, Vol 3, Issue 11 1207-1219, Copyright © 1991 by American Society of Plant Biologists

RESEARCH ARTICLES

opaque-2 Modifiers Increase [gamma]-Zein Synthesis and Alter Its Spatial Distribution in Maize Endosperm

K. B. Geetha, C. R. Lending, M. A. Lopes, J. C. Wallace and B. A. Larkins
Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721

Through the action of opaque-2 modifier genes, the soft, floury endosperm of opaque-2 mutants is converted to a vitreous phenotype. This change in endosperm texture is associated with a twofold to threefold increase in [gamma]-zein content. To investigate the effect of opaque-2 modifiers on the expression of [gamma]-zein genes, we analyzed the synthesis and distribution of [gamma]-zein protein and the level of [gamma]-zein mRNAs in developing endosperms of the inbreds W64A and W64Ao2, a modified opaque-2 mutant Pool 34 QPM, and their reciprocal F1 hybrids. We also characterized the number and organization of [gamma]-zein genes in these and related maize genotypes. Our studies show that opaque-2 modifiers are semidominant genes, resulting in a twofold to threefold increase in [gamma]-zein gene expression in both opaque-2 and normal genetic backgrounds. The increase in gene expression appears to be a consequence of enhanced mRNA transcription or stability rather than gene amplification because [gamma]-zein genes occur in one or two copies in modified as well as nonmodified genetic backgrounds. Ultrastructural studies showed that [gamma]-zein occurs in high concentrations in the first few subaleurone cells of nonmodified endosperms, but high concentrations of [gamma]-zein occur in the subaleurone and central endosperm cells of modified opaque-2 mutants. The increased concentration and distribution of [gamma]-zein in modified endosperms are highly correlated with the activity of opaque-2 modifier genes.


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Copyright © 1991 by the American Society of Plant Biologists