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THE PLANT CELL, Vol 5, Issue 11 1497-1512, Copyright © 1993 by American Society of Plant Biologists
Regulatory Genes Controlling Anthocyanin Pigmentation Are Functionally Conserved among Plant Species and Have Distinct Sets of Target Genes
F. Quattrocchio, J. F. Wing, HTC. Leppen, JNM. Mol and R. E. Koes
Department of Genetics, Vrije Universiteit, Institute for Molecular Biological Sciences, BioCentrum Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
In this study, we demonstrate that in petunia at least four regulatory
genes (anthocyanin-1 [an1], an2, an4, and an11) control transcription of a
subset of structural genes from the anthocyanin pathway by using a
combination of RNA gel blot analysis, transcription run-on assays, and
transient expression assays. an2- and an11- mutants could be transiently
complemented by the maize regulatory genes Leaf color (Lc) or Colorless-1
(C1), respectively, whereas an1- mutants only by Lc and C1 together. In
addition, the combination of Lc and C1 induces pigment accumulation in
young leaves. This indicates that Lc and C1 are both necessary and
sufficient to produce pigmentation in leaf cells. Regulatory pigmentation
genes in maize and petunia control different sets of structural genes. The
maize Lc and C1 genes expressed in petunia differentially activate the
promoters of the chalcone synthase genes chsA and chsJ in the same way that
the homologous petunia genes do. This suggests that the regulatory proteins
in both species are functionally similar and that the choice of target
genes is determined by their promoter sequences. We present an evolutionary
model that explains the differences in regulation of pigmentation pathways
of maize, petunia, and snapdragon.
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