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THE PLANT CELL, Vol 6, Issue 11 1665-1679, Copyright © 1994 by American Society of Plant Biologists
Sugar Sensing in Higher Plants
J. C. Jang and J. Sheen
Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
Sugar repression of photosynthetic genes is likely a central control
mechanism mediating energy homeostasis in a wide range of algae and higher
plants. It overrides light activation and is coupled to developmental and
environmental regulations. How sugar signals are sensed and transduced to
the nucleus remains unclear. To elucidate sugar-sensing mechanisms, we
monitored the effects of a variety of sugars, glucose analogs, and
metabolic intermediates on photosynthetic fusion genes in a sensitive and
versatile maize protoplast transient expression system. The results show
that sugars that are the substrates of hexokinase (HK) cause repression at
a low concentration (1 to 10 mM), indicating a low degree of specificity
and the irrelevance of osmotic change. Studies with various glucose analogs
suggest that glucose transport across the plasma membrane is necessary but
not sufficient to trigger repression, whereas subsequent phosphorylation by
HK may be required. The effectiveness of 2-deoxyglucose, a nonmetabolizable
glucose analog, and the ineffectiveness of various metabolic intermediates
in eliciting repression eliminate the involvement of glycolysis and other
metabolic pathways. Replenishing intracellular phosphate and ATP diminished
by hexoses does not overcome repression. Because mannoheptulose, a specific
HK inhibitor, blocks the severe repression triggered by 2-deoxyglucose and
yet the phosphorylated products per se do not act as repression signals, we
propose that HK may have dual functions and may act as a key sensor and
signal transmitter of sugar repression in higher plants.
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