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THE PLANT CELL, Vol 7, Issue 12 2139-2149, Copyright © 1995 by American Society of Plant Biologists
Genetic Dissection of Carotenoid Synthesis in Arabidopsis Defines Plastoquinone as an Essential Component of Phytoene Desaturation
S. R. Norris, T. R. Barrette and D. DellaPenna
Departments of Biochemistry and Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
Carotenoids are C40 tetraterpenoids synthesized by nuclear-encoded
multienzyme complexes located in the plastids of higher plants. To
understand further the components and mechanisms involved in carotenoid
synthesis, we screened Arabidopsis for mutations that disrupt this pathway
and cause accumulation of biosynthetic intermediates. Here, we report the
identification and characterization of two nonallelic albino mutations,
pds1 and pds2 (for phytoene desaturation), that are disrupted in phytoene
desaturation and as a result accumulate phytoene, the first C40 compound of
the pathway. Surprisingly, neither mutation maps to the locus encoding the
phytoene desaturase enzyme, indicating that the products of at least three
loci are required for phytoene desaturation in higher plants. Because
phytoene desaturase catalyzes an oxidation reaction, it has been suggested
that components of an electron transport chain may be involved in this
reaction. Analysis of pds1 and pds2 shows that both mutants are
plastoquinone and tocopherol deficient, in addition to their inability to
desaturate phytoene. Separate steps of the plastoquinone/tocopherol
biosynthetic pathway are affected by these two mutations. The pds1 mutation
affects the enzyme 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase because it can be
rescued by growth on the product but not the substrate of this enzyme,
homogentisic acid and 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate, respectively. The pds2
mutation most likely affects the prenyl/phytyl transferase enzyme of this
pathway. Because tocopherol-deficient mutants in the green alga Scenedesmus
obliquus can synthesize carotenoids, our findings demonstrate conclusively
that plastoquinone is an essential component in carotenoid synthesis. We
propose a model for carotenoid synthesis in photosynthetic tissue whereby
plastoquinone acts as an intermediate electron carrier between carotenoid
desaturases and the photosynthetic electron transport chain.
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