Plant Cell
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

This Article
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via ISI Web of Science (200)
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Liscum, E.
Right arrow Articles by Briggs, W. R.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Liscum, E.
Right arrow Articles by Briggs, W. R.
Agricola
Right arrow Articles by Liscum, E.
Right arrow Articles by Briggs, W. R.

THE PLANT CELL, Vol 7, Issue 4 473-485, Copyright © 1995 by American Society of Plant Biologists

RESEARCH ARTICLES

Mutations in the NPH1 Locus of Arabidopsis Disrupt the Perception of Phototropic Stimuli

E. Liscum and W. R. Briggs
Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 290 Panama Street, Stanford, California 94305-1297

The phototropic response is an important component of seedling establishment in higher plants because it orients the young seedlings for maximal photosynthetic light capture. Despite their obvious importance, little is known about the mechanisms underlying the perception and transduction of the light signals that induce phototropic curvatures. Here, we report the isolation of eight mutants of Arabidopsis that lack or have severely impaired phototropic responses. These nph (for nonphototropic hypocotyl) mutants comprise four genetic loci: nph1, nph2, nph3, and nph4. Physiological and biochemical characterization of the nph1 allele series indicated that the NPH1 locus may encode the apoprotein for a dualchromophoric or multichromophoric holoprotein photoreceptor capable of absorbing UV-A, blue, and green light and that this photoreceptor regulates all the phototropic responses of Arabidopsis. It appears that the NPH1 protein is most likely a 120-kD plasma membrane-associated phosphoprotein because all of the nph1 mutations negatively affected the abundance of this protein. In addition, the putative NPH1 photoreceptor protein is genetically and biochemically distinct from the HY4 protein, which most likely acts as a photoreceptor for blue light-mediated hypocotyl growth inhibition. Furthermore, the NPH1 and HY4 proteins are not functionally redundant because mutations in either gene alone affect only one physiological response but not the other, thus providing strong support for the hypothesis that more than one blue light photoreceptor is required for the normal growth and development of a seedling.


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Plant CellHome page
X. Chen, W.-H. Lin, Y. Wang, S. Luan, and H.-W. Xue
An Inositol Polyphosphate 5-Phosphatase Functions in PHOTOTROPIN1 Signaling in Arabidopis by Altering Cytosolic Ca2+
PLANT CELL, February 1, 2008; 20(2): 353 - 366.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol PlantHome page
S.-i. Inoue, T. Kinoshita, A. Takemiya, M. Doi, and K.-i. Shimazaki
Leaf Positioning of Arabidopsis in Response to Blue Light
Mol Plant, January 1, 2008; 1(1): 15 - 26.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol PlantHome page
B. B. Stone, E. L. Stowe-Evans, R. M. Harper, R. B. Celaya, K. Ljung, G. Sandberg, and E. Liscum
Disruptions in AUX1-Dependent Auxin Influx Alter Hypocotyl Phototropism in Arabidopsis
Mol Plant, January 1, 2008; 1(1): 129 - 144.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol PlantHome page
Y.-L. Wan, W. Eisinger, D. Ehrhardt, U. Kubitscheck, F. Baluska, and W. Briggs
The Subcellular Localization and Blue-Light-Induced Movement of Phototropin 1-GFP in Etiolated Seedlings of Arabidopsis thalianaw
Mol Plant, January 1, 2008; 1(1): 103 - 117.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol PlantHome page
S. Sullivan, C. E. Thomson, D. J. Lamont, M. A. Jones, and J. M. Christie
In Vivo Phosphorylation Site Mapping and Functional Characterization of Arabidopsis Phototropin 1
Mol Plant, January 1, 2008; 1(1): 178 - 194.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Plant Physiol.Home page
H. E. Boccalandro, S. N. De Simone, A. Bergmann-Honsberger, I. Schepens, C. Fankhauser, and J. J. Casal
PHYTOCHROME KINASE SUBSTRATE1 Regulates Root Phototropism and Gravitropism
Plant Physiology, January 1, 2008; 146(1): 108 - 115.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
Y. Cheng, G. Qin, X. Dai, and Y. Zhao
NPY1, a BTB-NPH3-like protein, plays a critical role in auxin-regulated organogenesis in Arabidopsis
PNAS, November 20, 2007; 104(47): 18825 - 18829.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Plant Cell PhysiolHome page
K. Iwabuchi, T. Sakai, and S. Takagi
Blue Light-Dependent Nuclear Positioning in Arabidopsis thaliana Leaf Cells
Plant Cell Physiol., September 1, 2007; 48(9): 1291 - 1298.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
U. V. Pedmale and E. Liscum
Regulation of Phototropic Signaling in Arabidopsis via Phosphorylation State Changes in the Phototropin 1-interacting Protein NPH3
J. Biol. Chem., July 6, 2007; 282(27): 19992 - 20001.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Plant Physiol.Home page
H. Muto, M. K. Watahiki, D. Nakamoto, M. Kinjo, and K. T. Yamamoto
Specificity and Similarity of Functions of the Aux/IAA Genes in Auxin Signaling of Arabidopsis Revealed by Promoter-Exchange Experiments among MSG2/IAA19, AXR2/IAA7, and SLR/IAA14
Plant Physiology, May 1, 2007; 144(1): 187 - 196.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
T. Kanegae, E. Hayashida, C. Kuramoto, and M. Wada
A single chromoprotein with triple chromophores acts as both a phytochrome and a phototropin
PNAS, November 21, 2006; 103(47): 17997 - 18001.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
P. Lariguet, I. Schepens, D. Hodgson, U. V. Pedmale, M. Trevisan, C. Kami, M. de Carbonnel, J. M. Alonso, J. R. Ecker, E. Liscum, et al.
PHYTOCHROME KINASE SUBSTRATE 1 is a phototropin 1 binding protein required for phototropism
PNAS, June 27, 2006; 103(26): 10134 - 10139.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Plant Physiol.Home page
D. Nakamoto, A. Ikeura, T. Asami, and K. T. Yamamoto
Inhibition of Brassinosteroid Biosynthesis by Either a dwarf4 Mutation or a Brassinosteroid Biosynthesis Inhibitor Rescues Defects in Tropic Responses of Hypocotyls in the Arabidopsis Mutant nonphototropic hypocotyl 4
Plant Physiology, June 1, 2006; 141(2): 456 - 464.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Plant CellHome page
C. W. Whippo and R. P. Hangarter
Phototropism: Bending towards Enlightenment.
PLANT CELL, May 1, 2006; 18(5): 1110 - 1119.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
D. Matsuoka and S. Tokutomi
Blue light-regulated molecular switch of Ser/Thr kinase in phototropin
PNAS, September 13, 2005; 102(37): 13337 - 13342.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Plant Physiol.Home page
N. Suetsugu, T. Kagawa, and M. Wada
An Auxilin-Like J-Domain Protein, JAC1, Regulates Phototropin-Mediated Chloroplast Movement in Arabidopsis
Plant Physiology, September 1, 2005; 139(1): 151 - 162.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Plant Physiol.Home page
C. W. Whippo and R. P. Hangarter
A Brassinosteroid-Hypersensitive Mutant of BAK1 Indicates That a Convergence of Photomorphogenic and Hormonal Signaling Modulates Phototropism
Plant Physiology, September 1, 2005; 139(1): 448 - 457.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Plant CellHome page
Y. Okushima, P. J. Overvoorde, K. Arima, J. M. Alonso, A. Chan, C. Chang, J. R. Ecker, B. Hughes, A. Lui, D. Nguyen, et al.
Functional Genomic Analysis of the AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR Gene Family Members in Arabidopsis thaliana: Unique and Overlapping Functions of ARF7 and ARF19
PLANT CELL, February 1, 2005; 17(2): 444 - 463.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Plant CellHome page
K. Haga, M. Takano, R. Neumann, and M. Iino
The Rice COLEOPTILE PHOTOTROPISM1 Gene Encoding an Ortholog of Arabidopsis NPH3 Is Required for Phototropism of Coleoptiles and Lateral Translocation of Auxin
PLANT CELL, January 1, 2005; 17(1): 103 - 115.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Plant Physiol.Home page
K. M. Folta
Green Light Stimulates Early Stem Elongation, Antagonizing Light-Mediated Growth Inhibition
Plant Physiology, July 1, 2004; 135(3): 1407 - 1416.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Plant CellHome page
K. Tatematsu, S. Kumagai, H. Muto, A. Sato, M. K. Watahiki, R. M. Harper, E. Liscum, and K. T. Yamamoto
MASSUGU2 Encodes Aux/IAA19, an Auxin-Regulated Protein That Functions Together with the Transcriptional Activator NPH4/ARF7 to Regulate Differential Growth Responses of Hypocotyl and Formation of Lateral Roots in Arabidopsis thaliana
PLANT CELL, February 1, 2004; 16(2): 379 - 393.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Plant Physiol.Home page
A. Srinivas, R. K. Behera, T. Kagawa, M. Wada, and R. Sharma
High Pigment1 Mutation Negatively Regulates Phototropic Signal Transduction in Tomato Seedlings
Plant Physiology, February 1, 2004; 134(2): 790 - 800.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Plant Physiol.Home page
E. Liscum, D. W. Hodgson, and T. J. Campbell
Blue Light Signaling through the Cryptochromes and Phototropins. So That's What the Blues Is All About
Plant Physiology, December 1, 2003; 133(4): 1429 - 1436.
[Full Text]

Home page
 Plant Physiol.Home page
S. L. DeBlasio, J. L. Mullen, D. R. Luesse, and R. P. Hangarter
Phytochrome Modulation of Blue Light-Induced Chloroplast Movements in Arabidopsis
Plant Physiology, December 1, 2003; 133(4): 1471 - 1479.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 Plant Physiol.Home page
K. M. Folta, E. J. Lieg, T. Durham, and E. P. Spalding
Primary Inhibition of Hypocotyl Growth and Phototropism Depend Differently on Phototropin-Mediated Increases in Cytoplasmic Calcium Induced by Blue Light
Plant Physiology, December 1, 2003; 133(4): 1464 - 1470.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
A. Harada, T. Sakai, and K. Okada
phot1 and phot2 mediate blue light-induced transient increases in cytosolic Ca2+ differently in Arabidopsis leaves
PNAS, July 8, 2003; 100(14): 8583 - 8588.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Plant Physiol.Home page
C. W. Whippo and R. P. Hangarter
Second Positive Phototropism Results from Coordinated Co-Action of the Phototropins and Cryptochromes
Plant Physiology, July 1, 2003; 132(3): 1499 - 1507.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Plant Physiol.Home page
K. E. Thum, D. E. Shasha, L. V. Lejay, and G. M. Coruzzi
Light- and Carbon-Signaling Pathways. Modeling Circuits of Interactions
Plant Physiology, June 1, 2003; 132(2): 440 - 452.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
K. Huang and C. F. Beck
Phototropin is the blue-light receptor that controls multiple steps in the sexual life cycle of the green alga Chlamydomonasreinhardtii
PNAS, May 13, 2003; 100(10): 6269 - 6274.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
C. W. M. Kay, E. Schleicher, A. Kuppig, H. Hofner, W. Rudiger, M. Schleicher, M. Fischer, A. Bacher, S. Weber, and G. Richter
Blue Light Perception in Plants. DETECTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A LIGHT-INDUCED NEUTRAL FLAVIN RADICAL IN A C450A MUTANT OF PHOTOTROPIN
J. Biol. Chem., March 21, 2003; 278(13): 10973 - 10982.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
S. Stoelzle, T. Kagawa, M. Wada, R. Hedrich, and P. Dietrich
Blue light activates calcium-permeable channels in Arabidopsis mesophyll cells via the phototropin signaling pathway
PNAS, February 4, 2003; 100(3): 1456 - 1461.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Plant Physiol.Home page
C. S. Chan, H.-P. Peng, and M.-C. Shih
Mutations Affecting Light Regulation of Nuclear Genes Encoding Chloroplast Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase in Arabidopsis
Plant Physiology, November 1, 2002; 130(3): 1476 - 1486.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Exp BotHome page
P. F. Devlin
Signs of the time: environmental input to the circadian clock
J. Exp. Bot., July 1, 2002; 53(374): 1535 - 1550.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Plant CellHome page
C. Lin
Blue Light Receptors and Signal Transduction
PLANT CELL, May 1, 2002; 14(90001): S207 - 225.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Appl. Environ. Microbiol.Home page
J. E. Jurgenson, K. A. Zeller, and J. F. Leslie
Expanded Genetic Map of Gibberella moniliformis (Fusarium verticillioides)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol., April 1, 2002; 68(4): 1972 - 1979.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Sci SignalHome page
C. Lin
Phototropin Blue Light Receptors and Light-Induced Movement Responses in Plants
Sci. Signal., February 5, 2002; 2002(118): pe5 - pe5.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Plant CellHome page
K. E. Thum, M. Kim, D. A. Christopher, and J. E. Mullet
Cryptochrome 1, Cryptochrome 2, and Phytochrome A Co-Activate the Chloroplast psbD Blue Light-Responsive Promoter
PLANT CELL, December 1, 2001; 13(12): 2747 - 2760.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Plant Physiol.Home page
O. Harari-Steinberg, I. Ohad, and D. A. Chamovitz
Dissection of the Light Signal Transduction Pathways Regulating the Two Early Light-Induced Protein Genes in Arabidopsis
Plant Physiology, November 1, 2001; 127(3): 986 - 997.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
M. Salomon, W. Eisenreich, H. Durr, E. Schleicher, E. Knieb, V. Massey, W. Rudiger, F. Muller, A. Bacher, and G. Richter
An optomechanical transducer in the blue light receptor phototropin from Avena sativa
PNAS, October 12, 2001; (2001) 221455298.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Plant Physiol.Home page
E. L. Stowe-Evans, D. R. Luesse, and E. Liscum
The Enhancement of Phototropin-Induced Phototropic Curvature in Arabidopsis Occurs via a Photoreversible Phytochrome A-Dependent Modulation of Auxin Responsiveness
Plant Physiology, June 1, 2001; 126(2): 826 - 834.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
T. Sakai, T. Kagawa, M. Kasahara, T. E. Swartz, J. M. Christie, W. R. Briggs, M. Wada, and K. Okada
Arabidopsis nph1 and npl1: Blue light receptors that mediate both phototropism and chloroplast relocation
PNAS, May 18, 2001; (2001) 101137598.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 Plant CellHome page
W.R. Briggs, C.F. Beck, A.R. Cashmore, J.M. Christie, J. Hughes, J.A. Jarillo, T. Kagawa, H. Kanegae, E. Liscum, A. Nagatani, et al.
The Phototropin Family of Photoreceptors
PLANT CELL, May 1, 2001; 13(5): 993 - 997.
[Full Text]

Home page
 Plant CellHome page
R. Schaffer, J. Landgraf, M. Accerbi, V. Simon, M. Larson, and E. Wisman
Microarray Analysis of Diurnal and Circadian-Regulated Genes in Arabidopsis
PLANT CELL, January 1, 2001; 13(1): 113 - 123.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 Plant CellHome page
R. M. Harper, E. L. Stowe-Evans, D. R. Luesse, H. Muto, K. Tatematsu, M. K. Watahiki, K. Yamamoto, and E. Liscum
The NPH4 Locus Encodes the Auxin Response Factor ARF7, a Conditional Regulator of Differential Growth in Aerial Arabidopsis Tissue
PLANT CELL, May 1, 2000; 12(5): 757 - 770.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 Plant CellHome page
T. Sakai, T. Wada, S. Ishiguro, and K. Okada
RPT2: A Signal Transducer of the Phototropic Response in Arabidopsis
PLANT CELL, February 1, 2000; 12(2): 225 - 236.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
G. Baum, J. C. Long, G. I. Jenkins, and A. J. Trewavas
Stimulation of the blue light phototropic receptor NPH1 causes a transient increase in cytosolic Ca2+
PNAS, November 9, 1999; 96(23): 13554 - 13559.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 ScienceHome page
A. Motchoulski and E. Liscum
Arabidopsis NPH3: A NPH1 Photoreceptor-Interacting Protein Essential for Phototropism
Science, October 29, 1999; 286(5441): 961 - 964.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
J. M. Christie, M. Salomon, K. Nozue, M. Wada, and W. R. Briggs
LOV (light, oxygen, or voltage) domains of the blue-light photoreceptor phototropin (nph1): Binding sites for the chromophore flavin mononucleotide
PNAS, July 20, 1999; 96(15): 8779 - 8783.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Plant Physiol.Home page
K. M. Folta and L. S. Kaufman
Regions of the Pea Lhcb1*4 Promoter Necessary for Blue-Light Regulation in Transgenic Arabidopsis
Plant Physiology, July 1, 1999; 120(3): 747 - 756.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 Plant Physiol.Home page
G. Lascève, J. Leymarie, M. A. Olney, E. Liscum, J. M. Christie, A. Vavasseur, and W. R. Briggs
Arabidopsis Contains at Least Four Independent Blue-Light-Activated Signal Transduction Pathways
Plant Physiology, June 1, 1999; 120(2): 605 - 614.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 DevelopmentHome page
T. Mockler, H Guo, H Yang, H Duong, and C Lin
Antagonistic actions of Arabidopsis cryptochromes and phytochrome B in the regulation of floral induction
Development, January 5, 1999; 126(10): 2073 - 2082.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
K. Nozue, T. Kanegae, T. Imaizumi, S. Fukuda, H. Okamoto, K.-C. Yeh, J. C. Lagarias, and M. Wada
A phytochrome from the fern Adiantum with features of the putative photoreceptor NPH1
PNAS, December 22, 1998; 95(26): 15826 - 15830.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Plant Physiol.Home page
E. L. Stowe-Evans, R. M. Harper, A. V. Motchoulski, and E. Liscum
NPH4, a Conditional Modulator of Auxin-Dependent Differential Growth Responses in Arabidopsis
Plant Physiology, December 1, 1998; 118(4): 1265 - 1275.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 ScienceHome page
J. M. Christie, P. Reymond, G. K. Powell, P. Bernasconi, A. A. Raibekas, E. Liscum, and W. R. Briggs
Arabidopsis NPH1: A Flavoprotein with the Properties of a Photoreceptor for Phototropism
Science, November 27, 1998; 282(5394): 1698 - 1701.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 Plant Physiol.Home page
B. M. Parks, M. H. Cho, and E. P. Spalding
Two Genetically Separable Phases of Growth Inhibition Induced by Blue Light in Arabidopsis Seedlings
Plant Physiology, October 1, 1998; 118(2): 609 - 615.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 Plant Physiol.Home page
X. Wang and M. Iino
Interaction of Cryptochrome 1, Phytochrome, and Ion Fluxes in Blue-Light-Induced Shrinking of Arabidopsis Hypocotyl Protoplasts
Plant Physiology, August 1, 1998; 117(4): 1265 - 1279.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
C. Lin, H. Yang, H. Guo, T. Mockler, J. Chen, and A. R. Cashmore
Enhancement of blue-light sensitivity of Arabidopsis seedlings by a blue light receptor cryptochrome 2
PNAS, March 3, 1998; 95(5): 2686 - 2690.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 ScienceHome page
E. Huala, P. W. Oeller, E. Liscum, I. Han, E. Larsen, and W. R. Briggs
Arabidopsis NPH1: A Protein Kinase with a Putative Redox-Sensing Domain
Science, December 19, 1997; 278(5346): 2120 - 2123.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
J. M. Christie and W. R. Briggs
Blue Light Sensing in Higher Plants
J. Biol. Chem., April 6, 2001; 276(15): 11457 - 11460.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
T. Sakai, T. Kagawa, M. Kasahara, T. E. Swartz, J. M. Christie, W. R. Briggs, M. Wada, and K. Okada
Arabidopsis nph1 and npl1: Blue light receptors that mediate both phototropism and chloroplast relocation
PNAS, June 5, 2001; 98(12): 6969 - 6974.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
M. Salomon, W. Eisenreich, H. Durr, E. Schleicher, E. Knieb, V. Massey, W. Rudiger, F. Muller, A. Bacher, and G. Richter
An optomechanical transducer in the blue light receptor phototropin from Avena sativa
PNAS, October 23, 2001; 98(22): 12357 - 12361.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [P