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THE PLANT CELL, Vol 8, Issue 9 1613-1626, Copyright © 1996 by American Society of Plant Biologists

RESEARCH ARTICLES

Functional Analysis of the [beta] and [epsilon] Lycopene Cyclase Enzymes of Arabidopsis Reveals a Mechanism for Control of Cyclic Carotenoid Formation

F. X. Cunningham Jr, B. Pogson, Z. Sun, K. A. McDonald, D. DellaPenna and E. Gantt
Department of Plant Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742

Carotenoids with cyclic end groups are essential components of the photosynthetic membranes in all plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. These lipid-soluble compounds protect against photooxidation, harvest light for photosynthesis, and dissipate excess light energy absorbed by the antenna pigments. The cyclization of lycopene ([psi],[psi]-carotene) is a key branch point in the pathway of carotenoid biosynthesis. Two types of cyclic end groups are found in higher plant carotenoids: the [beta] and [epsilon] rings. Carotenoids with two [beta] rings are ubiquitous, and those with one [beta] and one [epsilon] ring are common; however, carotenoids with two [epsilon]rings are rare. We have identified and sequenced cDNAs that encode the enzymes catalyzing the formation of these two rings in Arabidopsis. These [beta] and [epsilon] cyclases are encoded by related, single-copy genes, and both enzymes use the linear, symmetrical lycopene as a substrate. However, the [epsilon] cyclase adds only one ring, forming the monocyclic [delta]-carotene [epsilon],[psi]-carotene), whereas the [beta] cyclase introduces a ring at both ends of lycopene to form the bicyclic [beta]-carotene ([beta],[beta]-carotene). When combined, the [beta] and [epsilon] cyclases convert lycopene to [alpha]-carotene ([beta], [epsilon]-carotene), a carotenoid with one [beta] and one [epsilon] ring. The inability of the [epsilon] cyclase to catalyze the introduction of a second [epsilon] ring reveals the mechanism by which production and proportions of [beta],[beta]- and [beta], [epsilon]-carotenoids may be controlled and adjusted in plants and algae, while avoiding the formation of the inappropriate [epsilon],[epsilon]-carotenoids.


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