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THE PLANT CELL, Vol 9, Issue 8 1381-1396, Copyright © 1997 by American Society of Plant Biologists
Phloem Unloading in Sink Leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana: Comparison of a Fluorescent Solute with a Fluorescent Virus
A. G. Roberts, S. S. Cruz, I. M. Roberts, DAM. Prior, R. Turgeon and K. J. Oparka
Unit of Cell Biology, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
Using noninvasive imaging techniques, we compared phloem unloading of the
membrane-impermeant, fluorescent solute carboxyfluorescein (CF) with that
of potato virus X expressing the gene for the green fluorescent protein.
Although systemic virus transport took considerably longer to occur than
did CF transport, unloading of both solute and virus occurred predominantly
from the class III vein network, a highly branched veinal system found
between class II veins. The minor veins (classes IV and V) played no role
in solute or virus import but were shown to be functional in xylem
transport at the time of import by labeling with Texas Red dextran. After
virus exit from the class III phloem, the minor veins eventually became
infected by cell-to-cell virus movement from the mesophyll. During the
sink/source transition, phloem unloading of CF was inhibited from class III
veins before the cessation of phloem import through them, suggesting a
symplastic isolation of the phloem in class III veins before its
involvement in export. The progression of the sink/source transition for
carbon was unaffected by the presence of the virus in the sink leaf.
However, the virus was unable to cross the sink/source boundary for carbon
that was present at the time of viral entry, suggesting a limited capacity
for cell-to-cell virus movement into the apical (source) region of the
leaf. A functional model of the sink/source transition in Nicotiana
benthamiana is presented. This model provides a framework for the analysis
of solute and virus movement in leaves.
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