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Plant Cell Advance Online Publication
Published on January 8, 2010; 10.1105/tpc.109.065490

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Received January 6, 2009
Returned for revision November 2, 2009
Accepted December 14, 2009

Arabidopsis CULLIN4-Damaged DNA Binding Protein 1 Interacts with CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1-SUPPRESSOR OF PHYA Complexes to Regulate Photomorphogenesis and Flowering Time

Haodong Chen 1, Xi Huang 2, Giuliana Gusmaroli 3, William Terzaghi 4, On Sun Lau 3, Yuki Yanagawa 3, Yu Zhang 5, Jigang Li 6, Jae-Hoon Lee 3, Danmeng Zhu 1, and Xing Wang Deng 1*

1 Peking-Yale Joint Center for Plant Molecular Genetics and Agro-biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8104; National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
2 Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8104; National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China; College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
3 Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8104
4 Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8104; Department of Biology, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania 18766
5 Peking-Yale Joint Center for Plant Molecular Genetics and Agro-biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
6 Peking-Yale Joint Center for Plant Molecular Genetics and Agro-biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8104

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: xingwang.deng{at}yale.edu.

CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1 (COP1) possesses E3 ligase activity and promotes degradation of key factors involved in the light regulation of plant development. The finding that CULLIN4 (CUL4)-Damaged DNA Binding Protein1 (DDB1) interacts with DDB1 binding WD40 (DWD) proteins to act as E3 ligases implied that CUL4-DDB1 may associate with COP1-SUPPRESSOR OF PHYA (SPA) protein complexes, since COP1 and SPAs are DWD proteins. Here, we demonstrate that CUL4-DDB1 physically associates with COP1-SPA complexes in vitro and in vivo, likely via direct interaction of DDB1 with COP1 and SPAs. The interactions between DDB1 and COP1, SPA1, and SPA3 were disrupted by mutations in the WDXR motifs of MBP-COP1, His-SPA1, and His-SPA3. CUL4 cosuppression mutants enhanced weak cop1 photomorphogenesis and flowered early under short days. Early flowering of short day–grown cul4 mutants correlated with increased FLOWERING LOCUS T transcript levels, whereas CONSTANS transcript levels were not altered. De-etiolated1 and COP1 can bind DDB1 and may work with CUL4-DDB1 in distinct complexes, but they mediate photomorphogenesis in concert. Thus, a series of CUL4-DDB1-COP1-SPA E3 ligase complexes may mediate the repression of photomorphogenesis and, possibly, of flowering time.






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