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Plant Cell, Vol. 11, 445-458, March 1999, Copyright © 1999, American Society of Plant Physiologists

The FLF MADS Box Gene: A Repressor of Flowering in Arabidopsis Regulated by Vernalization and Methylation

Candice C. Sheldona, Joanne E. Burna, Pascual P. Perezb, Jim Metzgerc, Jennifer A. Edwardsa,d, W. James Peacocka, and Elizabeth S. Dennisa
a Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Division of Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
b Biocem, 24 avenue des Landais, 63107, Aubiere, Cezeaux, France
c Ohio State University, Department of Horticulture, 2001 Fyffe Court, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1096
d Cooperative Research Centre for Plant Science, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia

Correspondence to: Elizabeth S. Dennis, e.dennis{at}pican.pi.csiro.au (E-mail), 61-2-6246-5000 (fax)

A MADS box gene, FLF (for FLOWERING LOCUS F ), isolated from a late-flowering, T-DNA–tagged Arabidopsis mutant, is a semidominant gene encoding a repressor of flowering. The FLF gene appears to integrate the vernalization-dependent and autonomous flowering pathways because its expression is regulated by genes in both pathways. The level of FLF mRNA is downregulated by vernalization and by a decrease in genomic DNA methylation, which is consistent with our previous suggestion that vernalization acts to induce flowering through changes in gene activity that are mediated through a reduction in DNA methylation. The flf-1 mutant requires a greater than normal amount of an exogenous gibberellin (GA3) to decrease flowering time compared with the wild type or with vernalization-responsive late-flowering mutants, suggesting that the FLF gene product may block the promotion of flowering by GAs. FLF maps to a region on chromosome 5 near the FLOWERING LOCUS C gene, which is a semidominant repressor of flowering in late-flowering ecotypes of Arabidopsis.




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