First published online November 20, 2002; 10.1105/tpc.005777
The Plant Cell, Vol. 14, 2995-3007,
December 2002, Copyright © 2002,
American Society of Plant Biologists
Host DNA Replication Is Induced by Geminivirus Infection of Differentiated Plant Cells
Steven Nagar1,a,
Linda Hanley-Bowdoinb and
Dominique Robertson2,a
a Department of Botany, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
b Department of Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
2 To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail niki_robertson{at}ncsu.edu; fax 919-515-3436
The geminivirus Tomato golden mosaic virus (TGMV) replicates in differentiated plant cells using host DNA synthesis machinery. We used 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation to examine DNA synthesis directly in infected Nicotiana benthamiana plants to determine if viral reprogramming of host replication controls had an impact on host DNA replication. Immunoblot analysis revealed that up to 17-fold more BrdU was incorporated into chromosomal DNA of TGMV-infected versus mock-infected, similarly treated healthy leaves. Colocalization studies of viral DNA and BrdU demonstrated that BrdU incorporation was specific to infected cells and was associated with both host and viral DNA. TGMV and host DNA synthesis were inhibited differentially by aphidicolin but were equally sensitive to hydroxyurea. Short BrdU labeling times resulted in some infected cells showing punctate foci associated with host DNA. Longer periods showed BrdU label uniformly throughout host DNA, some of which showed condensed chromatin, only in infected nuclei. By contrast, BrdU associated with viral DNA was centralized and showed uniform, compartmentalized labeling. Our results demonstrate that chromosomal DNA is replicated in TGMV-infected cells.
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