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First published online May 8, 2003; 10.1105/tpc.011817

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The Plant Cell, Vol. 15, 1333-1346, June 2003, Copyright © 2003,
American Society of Plant Biologists

PAA1, a P-Type ATPase of Arabidopsis, Functions in Copper Transport in Chloroplasts

Toshiharu Shikanai1,a, Patricia Müller-Mouléb, Yuri Munekagea, Krishna K. Niyogib and Marinus Pilonc

a Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
b Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3102
c Biology Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523

1 To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail shikanai{at}bs.aist-nara.ac.jp; fax 81-743-72-5489

Copper (Cu) is an essential trace element with important roles as a cofactor in many plant functions, including photosynthesis. However, free Cu ions can cause toxicity, necessitating precise Cu delivery systems. Relatively little is known about Cu transport in plant cells, and no components of the Cu transport machinery in chloroplasts have been identified previously. Cu transport into chloroplasts provides the cofactor for the stromal enzyme copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/ZnSOD) and for the thylakoid lumen protein plastocyanin, which functions in photosynthetic electron transport from the cytochrome b6f complex to photosystem I. Here, we characterized six Arabidopsis mutants that are defective in the PAA1 gene, which encodes a member of the metal-transporting P-type ATPase family with a functional N-terminal chloroplast transit peptide. paa1 mutants exhibited a high-chlorophyll-fluorescence phenotype as a result of an impairment of photosynthetic electron transport that could be ascribed to decreased levels of holoplastocyanin. The paa1-1 mutant had a lower chloroplast Cu content, despite having wild-type levels in leaves. The electron transport defect of paa1 mutants was evident on medium containing <1 µM Cu, but it was suppressed by the addition of 10 µM Cu. Chloroplastic Cu/ZnSOD activity also was reduced in paa1 mutants, suggesting that PAA1 mediates Cu transfer across the plastid envelope. Thus, PAA1 is a critical component of a Cu transport system in chloroplasts responsible for cofactor delivery to plastocyanin and Cu/ZnSOD.




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