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Plant Cell Advance Online Publication
Published on April 29, 2002; 10.1105/tpc.001164

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Received December 11, 2001
Accepted February 11, 2002

An Arabidopsis Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase Gene Family Encodes Essential Positive Regulators of Cytokinesis

Patrick J. Krysan 1*, Peter J. Jester 1, Jennifer R. Gottwald 1, and Michael R. Sussman 1

1 Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin--Madison, 425 Henry Mall, Madison, Wisconsin 53706

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: fpat{at}biotech.wisc.edu.

The signal transduction pathways that control cytokinesis in plants are largely uncharacterized. Here, we provide genetic evidence that mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAPKKKs) play a role in the control of plant cell division. Using a reverse-genetic approach, we isolated plants carrying knockout alleles of the Arabidopsis MAPKKK genes ANP1, ANP2, and ANP3. The resulting single-mutant plants displayed no obvious abnormal phenotypes; two of the three double-mutant combinations displayed defects in cell division and growth; and the triple-mutant combination was not transmitted through either male or female gametes. The molecular and structural phenotypes displayed by the double mutants support a model in which the ANP family of MAPKKKs positively regulates cell division and growth and may negatively regulate stress responses.






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