Plant Cell Advance Online Publication
Published on January 17, 2003; 10.1105/tpc.008375
Received October 7, 2002
Accepted November 11, 2002
The Maize Genome Contains a Helitron Insertion
Shailesh K. Lal 1, Michael J. Giroux 1, Volker Brendel 2, C. Eduardo Vallejos 1, and L. Curtis Hannah 1*
1
Program in Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology and Horticultural Sciences, University
of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0690
2
Department of Zoology and Genetics and Department of Statistics, Iowa State University,
Ames, Iowa 50011-3260
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: hannah{at}mail.ifas.ufl.edu.
The maize mutation sh2-7527 was isolated in a conventional maize breeding
program in the 1970s. Although the mutant contains foreign sequences within the gene,
the mutation is not attributable to an interchromosomal exchange or to a chromosomal
inversion. Hence, the mutation was caused by an insertion. Sequences at the two
Sh2 borders have not been scrambled or mutated, suggesting that the insertion
is not caused by a catastrophic reshuffling of the maize genome. The insertion is
large, at least 12 kb, and is highly repetitive in maize. As judged by hybridization,
sorghum contains only one or a few copies of the element, whereas no hybridization
was seen to the Arabidopsis genome. The insertion acts from a distance to alter the
splicing of the sh2 pre-mRNA. Three distinct intron-bearing maize genes
were found in the insertion. Of most significance, the insertion bears striking similarity
to the recently described DNA helicase-bearing transposable elements termed
Helitrons. Like Helitrons, the inserted sequence of sh2-7527
is large, lacks terminal repeats, does not duplicate host sequences, and was
inserted between a host dinucleotide AT. Like Helitrons, the maize element
contains 5' TC and 3' CTRR termini as well as two short palindromic sequences
near the 3' terminus that potentially can form a 20-bp hairpin. Although the
maize element lacks sequence information for a DNA helicase, it does contain four
exons with similarity to a plant DEAD box RNA helicase. A second Helitron
insertion was found in the maize genomic database. These data strongly suggest an
active Helitron in the present-day maize genome.
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