Plant Cell Advance Online Publication
Published on July 3, 2003; 10.1105/tpc.011809
Received March 12, 2003
Accepted May 25, 2003
Two-Step Regulation and Continuous Retrotransposition of the Rice LINE-Type Retrotransposon
Karma
Mai Komatsu 1, Ko Shimamoto 1, and Junko Kyozuka 2*
1
Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology,
Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
2
Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology,
Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation,
Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: akyozuka{at}mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp.
Here, we report the identification of Karma, a LINE-type retrotransposon
of plants for which continuous retrotransposition was observed in consecutive generations.
The transcription of Karma is activated in cultured cells of rice upon DNA
hypomethylation. However, transcription is insufficient for retrotransposition, because
no increase in the copy number was observed in cultured cells or in the first generation
of plants regenerated from them. Despite that finding, copy number increase was detected
in the next generation of regenerated plants as well as in later generations, suggesting
that the post-transcriptional regulation of Karma retrotransposition is
development dependent. Our results indicate that two different mechanisms, one transcriptional
and the other developmental, control the mobilization of Karma. In addition,
unlike other known active plant retrotransposons, Karma is not subject to
de novo methylation, and retrotransposition persists through several generations.
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