Plant Cell Advance Online Publication
Published on September 24, 2003; 10.1105/tpc.015487
Received July 14, 2003
Accepted August 7, 2003
A Nuclear Protease Required for Flowering-Time Regulation in Arabidopsis Reduces
the Abundance of SUMO Conjugates
Giovanni Murtas 1, Paul H. Reeves 2, Yong-Fu Fu 2, Ian Bancroft 1, Caroline Dean 1, and George Coupland 2*
1 John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
2
John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom; Max-Planck-Institut für
Züchtungsforschung, 50829 Köln, Germany
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: coupland{at}mpiz-koeln.mpg.de.
The Arabidopsis mutant early in short days4 (esd4) shows extreme
early flowering and alterations in shoot development. We have identified ESD4
and demonstrate that it encodes a nuclear protein located predominantly at
the periphery of the nucleus. ESD4 contains a segment of >200 amino acids with strong
similarity to yeast and animal proteases that are specific for the protein modifier
SMALL UBIQUITIN-RELATED MODIFIER (SUMO). ESD4 shows a similar function to these proteases
in vitro and processes the precursor of Arabidopsis SUMO (AtSUMO) to generate the
mature form. This activity of ESD4 is prevented by mutations that affect the predicted
active site of the protease or the cleavage site of the AtSUMO precursor. In yeast,
these proteases also recycle SUMO from conjugates, and this appears to be the major
role of ESD4 in vivo. This is suggested because esd4 mutants contain less
free AtSUMO and more SUMO conjugates than wild-type plants, and a transgene expressing
mature SUMO at high levels enhanced aspects of the esd4 phenotype. ESD4
defines an important role for protein modification by AtSUMO in the regulation of
flowering.
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