Plant Cell Advance Online Publication
Published on November 20, 2003; 10.1105/tpc.016253
Received August 11, 2003
Accepted September 29, 2003
Terpenoid Metabolism in Wild-Type and Transgenic Arabidopsis Plants
Asaph Aharoni 1*, Ashok P. Giri 1, Stephan Deuerlein 2, Frans Griepink 1, Willem-Jan de Kogel 1, Francel W. A. Verstappen 1, Harrie A. Verhoeven 1, Maarten A. Jongsma 1, Wilfried Schwab 2, and Harro J. Bouwmeester 1
1
Plant Research International, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
2
University of Würzburg, Chair of Food Chemistry, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg,
Germany
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: asaph.aharoni{at}wur.nl.
Volatile components, such as terpenoids, are emitted from aerial parts of plants
and play a major role in the interaction between plants and their environment. Analysis
of the composition and emission pattern of volatiles in the model plant Arabidopsis
showed that a range of volatile components are released, primarily from flowers.
Most of the volatiles detected were monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, which in contrast
to other volatiles showed a diurnal emission pattern. The active terpenoid metabolism
in wild-type Arabidopsis provoked us to conduct an additional set of experiments
in which transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing two different terpene synthases were
generated. Leaves of transgenic plants constitutively expressing a dual linalool/nerolidol
synthase in the plastids (FaNES1) produced linalool and its glycosylated and hydroxylated
derivatives. The sum of glycosylated components was in some of the transgenic lines
up to 40- to 60-fold higher than the sum of the corresponding free alcohols. Surprisingly,
we also detected the production and emission of nerolidol, albeit at a low level,
suggesting that a small pool of its precursor farnesyl diphosphate is present in
the plastids. Transgenic lines with strong transgene expression showed growth retardation,
possibly as a result of the depletion of isoprenoid precursors in the plastids. In
dual-choice assays with Myzus persicae, the FaNES1-expressing lines
significantly repelled the aphids. Overexpression of a typical cytosolic sesquiterpene
synthase resulted in the production of only trace amounts of the expected sesquiterpene,
suggesting tight control of the cytosolic pool of farnesyl diphosphate, the precursor
for sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis. This study further demonstrates the value of Arabidopsis
for studies of the biosynthesis and ecological role of terpenoids and provides new
insights into their metabolism in wild-type and transgenic plants.
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