Plant Cell Advance Online Publication
Published on February 10, 2006; 10.1105/tpc.105.038315
Received October 3, 2005
Returned for revision December 2, 2005
Accepted January 17, 2006
FLOWERING LOCUS C Mediates Natural Variation in the High-Temperature Response of the Arabidopsis Circadian Clock
Kieron D. Edwards 1, Paul E. Anderson 2, Anthony Hall 3, Neeraj S. Salathia 3, James C.W. Locke 4, James R. Lynn 5, Martin Straume 6, James Q. Smith 2, and Andrew J. Millar 7*
1 Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JH United Kingdom
2 Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL United Kingdom; Interdisciplinary Program for Cellular Regulation, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL United Kingdom
3 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL United Kingdom
4 Interdisciplinary Program for Cellular Regulation, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL United Kingdom; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL United Kingdom; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL United Kingdom
5 Warwick HRI, Wellesbourne, CV35 93F United Kingdom
6 Center for Biomathematical Technology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903
7 Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JH United Kingdom; Interdisciplinary Program for Cellular Regulation, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL United Kingdom
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: andrew.millar{at}ed.ac.uk.
Temperature compensation contributes to the accuracy of biological timing by preventing circadian rhythms from running more quickly at high than at low temperatures. We previously identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) with temperature-specific effects on the circadian rhythm of leaf movement, including a QTL linked to the transcription factor FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). We have now analyzed FLC alleles in near-isogenic lines and induced mutants to eliminate other candidate genes. We showed that FLC lengthened the circadian period specifically at 27°C, contributing to temperature compensation of the circadian clock. Known upstream regulators of FLC expression in flowering time pathways similarly controlled its circadian effect. We sought to identify downstream targets of FLC regulation in the molecular mechanism of the circadian clock using genome-wide analysis to identify FLC-responsive genes and 3503 transcripts controlled by the circadian clock. A Bayesian clustering method based on Fourier coefficients allowed us to discriminate putative regulatory genes. Among rhythmic FLC-responsive genes, transcripts of the transcription factor LUX ARRHYTHMO (LUX) correlated in peak abundance with the circadian period in flc mutants. Mathematical modeling indicated that the modest change in peak LUX RNA abundance was sufficient to cause the period change due to FLC, providing a molecular target for the crosstalk between flowering time pathways and circadian regulation.
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